Unitary Foundation is excited to be sharing the results for the 2025 Quantum Open Source Survey!
This annual survey is a chance for everyone in quantum technology to share their voice and help create an informative and representative snapshot of the community and field. The more we understand about the needs and backgrounds of the quantum computing community, the more we can ensure the field’s products/services/events accommodate their users. You can read more about the results in this blog post.
With 1,400+ respondents from around the world, this survey provides a dataset that is both inclusive and representative of current and prospective quantum open-source software (OSS) developers and users, and provides trends from the…
Unitary Foundation is excited to be sharing the results for the 2025 Quantum Open Source Survey!
This annual survey is a chance for everyone in quantum technology to share their voice and help create an informative and representative snapshot of the community and field. The more we understand about the needs and backgrounds of the quantum computing community, the more we can ensure the field’s products/services/events accommodate their users. You can read more about the results in this blog post.
With 1,400+ respondents from around the world, this survey provides a dataset that is both inclusive and representative of current and prospective quantum open-source software (OSS) developers and users, and provides trends from the past 3 years of survey data.
Our results are divided into the following sections:
Demographics
1) Roles
Which of the following statements describe your role? Please check all that apply.
2) Background
Which of the following statements best describe your background?
Total answers: 1134 (2025) – 807 (2024) – 633 (2023)
2b) Combination of role and background
3) Main reason for involvement in quantum technologies
Which of the following statements best describe your main reason for your involvement in quantum technologies?
4) Affiliation in quantum technology
Which of the following options represent the type of organization(s) you are affiliated with? Please check all that apply.
5) Affiliated organization size in terms of employee number
Approximately how many people are employed by the organization you are currently affiliated with?
6) Pay for working with quantum technology
Do you get paid for working with Quantum Technology?
7) Length of stay within the same company
If yes, on average, how long did you stay with previous employers before changing companies?
8) Work environment in quantum technology
If you work in quantum technology, how do you work?
9) Country of residence
In what country do you currently live?
Total answers: 1117
10) Age
What is your age?
11) Educational background
What is your educational background?
12) Ethnicity
What race or ethnicity best describes you?
Total answers: 1097 (2025) – 787 (2024) – 604 (2023) – 172 (2022)
13) Gender identity
What is your gender identity?
Total answers: 1118 (2025) – 796 (2024) – 618 (2023) – 172 (2022)
14) Years of professional experience
How many years of professional quantum experience do you have?
Experience
15) Quantum software use
Have you ever used any Quantum Software? Quantum Software is any tool that assists with connecting to quantum computing cloud services or research in the fields of quantum computing or quantum physics, as well as study, teach, learn, develop, simulate, or interact with quantum computing concepts.
16) Primary Role in Quantum Software
When it comes to the Quantum Software project you are most involved in, what best describes your role during the last year?
Full-stack development platforms, compilers, and simulators
A full-stack development platform is a Software Development Kit (SDK) or framework to design quantum algorithms (including quantum circuits) and run them on real or simulated back-ends. A compiler is a tool that translates high-level quantum programming languages into lower-level instructions that can be executed by quantum hardware. A simulator is a quantum circuit simulator that emulates computations as were run on a quantum process unit (QPU).
17) Full-stack development platforms, compilers, and simulators used currently or in the future
Please select which of the following full-stack development platforms, compilers, and simulators you are currently using or would like to use in the future. Please select all that apply.
Total answers: 997
| Tool | Have been using it in the last year | Plan to use it next year |
|---|---|---|
| BQSKit/bqskit | 8.32 | 10.33 |
| CQCL/guppylang | 5.42 | 11.84 |
| CQCL/lambeq | 2.91 | 7.32 |
| CQCL/t|ket> | 9.93 | 10.83 |
| Classiq/classiq-library | 19.86 | 18.05 |
| HaeffnerLab/IonSim.jl | 0.60 | 7.32 |
| MSRudolph/PauliPropagation.jl | 2.61 | 7.92 |
| NVIDIA/CUDA Quantum | 16.15 | 25.28 |
| NVIDIA/cuQuantum | 12.24 | 19.56 |
| OpenQuantumDesign/equilux | 1.50 | 7.22 |
| PennyLaneAI/Catalyst | 9.83 | 14.94 |
| PennyLaneAI/PennyLane | 30.79 | 21.66 |
| PennylaneAI/PennyLane Lightning | 17.25 | 16.15 |
| Qiskit/Qiskit | 69.11 | 31.19 |
| Qiskit/Qiskit Aer | 47.74 | 22.47 |
| Qiskit/Qiskit-ibm-transpiler | 40.12 | 19.96 |
| Qiskit/rustworkx | 14.24 | 13.94 |
| QuEST-Kit/QuEST | 2.81 | 8.53 |
| QuTech-Delft/OpenQ | 1.10 | 7.72 |
| Quandela/Perceval | 2.41 | 7.52 |
| QuantumBFS/Yao.jl | 1.30 | 7.92 |
| Renmusxd/RustQIP | 0.60 | 7.52 |
| Riverlane/Deltakit | 4.11 | 10.73 |
| TeamGraphix/Graphix | 1.60 | 7.42 |
| XanaduAI/Strawberry Fields | 4.31 | 9.13 |
| amazon-braket/amazon-braket-sdk-python | 12.14 | 16.05 |
| baidu/QCompute | 2.11 | 8.02 |
| dakk/Qlasskit | 2.71 | 7.62 |
| dwavesystems/dwave-ocean-sdk | 6.42 | 9.93 |
| eclipse-xacc/XaCC | 0.60 | 7.42 |
| haiqu-ai/Rivet | 0.80 | 7.82 |
| harshangrjn/QuantumCircuitOpt.jl | 1.81 | 7.22 |
| inQWIRE/QWIRE | 1.50 | 6.52 |
| intel/Intel Quantum Simulator | 3.91 | 9.23 |
| jcmgray/quimb | 5.12 | 9.13 |
| microsoft/Q# (Qsharp) | 8.32 | 11.74 |
| munich-quantum-toolkit/DDSIM | 2.11 | 7.32 |
| munich-quantum-toolkit/core | 2.71 | 7.82 |
| nicolasloizeau/PauliStrings.jl | 1.91 | 6.92 |
| oqc-community/qat | 1.81 | 7.02 |
| pasqal-io/Pulser | 3.51 | 8.32 |
| pasqal/Bloqade | 2.51 | 8.93 |
| qBraid/qBraid SDK | 12.94 | 11.33 |
| qiboteam/Qibo | 2.31 | 7.82 |
| qojulia/QuantumOptics.jl | 3.11 | 7.52 |
| quantastica/quantum-circuit | 3.71 | 6.92 |
| quantumgizmos/ldpc | 3.11 | 8.73 |
| quantumlib/Cirq | 17.45 | 12.44 |
| quantumlib/Qsim | 5.32 | 7.32 |
| quantumlib/Qualtran | 2.21 | 9.93 |
| quil-lang/Quilc | 1.20 | 7.22 |
| quil-lang/qvm | 1.50 | 7.12 |
| qutip/QuTiP-qip | 11.03 | 10.23 |
| qutip/QuantumToolbox.jl | 3.71 | 8.63 |
| rigetti/pyQuil | 3.41 | 8.73 |
| sandbox-quantum/Tangelo | 0.80 | 7.32 |
| scqubits/scqubits | 2.31 | 7.42 |
| silq-lang/Silq | 1.10 | 6.62 |
| softwareQinc/Staq | 0.70 | 6.62 |
| softwareQinc/qpp (Q++) | 1.71 | 7.42 |
| tencent-quantum-lab/TensorCircuit | 2.31 | 7.62 |
| tequilahub/Tequila | 1.50 | 7.22 |
| unitaryfoundation/Qrack | 1.71 | 7.82 |
| unitaryfoundation/UCC | 2.21 | 10.13 |
| weinbe58/QuSpin | 1.40 | 6.92 |
| zxcalc/quizx | 2.01 | 7.72 |
17b) Full-stack development platforms, compilers, and simulators: year comparison
Total answers: 997 (2025) – 722 (2024) – 629 (2023) – 485 (2022)
Cloud Services
A Cloud Service allows access to quantum processors or simulators via a remote API. Examples are the IBM Quantum, Rigetti Cloud Services, AWS Braket, etc.
18) Cloud services used currently or in the future
Please select which of the following cloud services for quantum software you are currently using and which services you would like to use in the next year? Please select all that apply.
Total answers: 852
| Tool | Have been using it in the last year | Plan to use it next year |
|---|---|---|
| IBM Quantum Platform | 65.5 | 36.0 |
| Classiq | 21.8 | 20.3 |
| Amazon Braket | 16.4 | 22.7 |
| Microsoft Azure Quantum | 11.5 | 17.6 |
| qBraid | 16.8 | 11.5 |
| IonQ Quantum Cloud | 8.1 | 14.4 |
| Quantinuum Nexus | 7.5 | 14.4 |
| Xanadu Cloud | 6.0 | 14.9 |
| DWave Leap | 7.4 | 11.4 |
| Rigetti Quantum Cloud Services | 4.0 | 11.3 |
| BlueQubit | 4.2 | 8.3 |
| Pasqal Cloud Services | 3.2 | 8.6 |
| Infleqtion Superstaq | 2.5 | 8.2 |
| QuTech-Delft Quantum Inspire | 0.8 | 9.0 |
| Quandela Cloud | 1.5 | 8.0 |
| Strangeworks Quantum Computing Platform | 1.5 | 7.6 |
18b) Cloud services: year comparison
Total answers: 852 (2025) – 722 (2024) – 629 (2023) – 485 (2022)
Software for applications and tools
Software for applications and tools refers to software for domain specific (such as machine learning or finance) or task specific (such as a quantum circuit debugger)
19) Softwares for applications and tools used currently or in the future
Please select which of the following software for applications and tools you are currently using as quantum software and which software you would like to use in the next year. Please select all that apply.
Total answers: 787
| Tool | Have been using it in the last year | Plan to use it next year |
|---|---|---|
| BQSKit/bqskit | 6.48 | 10.17 |
| Classiq/classiq-library | 21.98 | 20.84 |
| Infleqtion/Superstaq | 2.41 | 7.75 |
| JuliaQuantumControl/Krotov.jl | 1.52 | 7.24 |
| NetKet/NetKet | 1.91 | 7.50 |
| PennyLaneAI/qml | 25.41 | 20.97 |
| Qiskit/qiskit | 0.38 | 0.38 |
| Qiskit/qiskit-serverless | 15.37 | 16.01 |
| XanaduAI/thewalrus | 2.16 | 8.13 |
| dwavesystems/dimod | 5.72 | 8.13 |
| dwavesystems/dwave-cloud-client | 4.83 | 9.40 |
| entropicalabs/openqaoa | 2.67 | 7.62 |
| hongyehu/PyClifford | 2.16 | 7.24 |
| mit-han-lab/torchquantum | 4.07 | 9.66 |
| openqasm/openqasm | 20.84 | 18.30 |
| pasqal-io/qadence | 2.54 | 7.62 |
| qiskit-community/qiskit-finance | 14.61 | 15.50 |
| qiskit-community/qiskit-machine-learning | 27.57 | 22.36 |
| qiskit-community/qiskit-nature | 20.33 | 17.79 |
| qiskit-community/qiskit-optimization | 26.18 | 20.58 |
| qiskit/qiskit-addon-sqd | 17.53 | 16.77 |
| quantumlib/OpenFermion | 8.01 | 10.67 |
| qucontrol/krotov | 1.27 | 7.37 |
| tensorflow/quantum | 9.91 | 15.76 |
| unitaryfoundation/mitiq | 9.02 | 14.10 |
| vprusso/toqito | 1.65 | 7.24 |
| zxcalc/pyzx | 6.86 | 12.58 |
20) Use of software for hardware design and low-level device control
Do you use software for hardware design or low-level device control?
21) Software list for hardware design and low-level device control
If you use software for hardware design and low-level device control, what software do you use?
22) Use of software for error correction
Do you use software for quantum error correction?
23) Software list for quantum error correction
If you use software for Quantum Error Correction, what software do you use?
24) Main reasons for not using QEC technologies that respondents would like to use but are not currently using
For QEC technologies that you would like to use but are not currently using, what are the main reasons for not currently using them?
25) Use of software for high-performance computing
Do you use software for high-performance computing in your quantum workflows?
26) Software list for high-performance computing
If you use software for HPC, what software do you use?
User experience
27) Ranking of most important factors in choosing a Cloud Service
When choosing Cloud Services, please rank which of the following factors is most important to you. Respondents were asked to drag and drop all answers into a ranked list.
28) Ranking of most important factors in choosing a Development Platform
When choosing Full Stack Development Platforms, Compilers, and Simulators, please rank which of the following factors is most important to you. Respondents were asked to drag and drop all answers into a ranked list.
29) Ranking of most important factors in choosing an Application/Tool
When choosing Software for Application/Tools, please rank which of the following factors is most important to you. Respondents were asked to drag and drop all answers into a ranked list.
30) Main reasons for not using the technologies that respondents would like to use but are not currently using
For the technologies that you would like to use but are not currently using, what are the main reasons for not currently using them?
Total answers: 698 (2025) – 569 (2024) – 425 (2023) – 508 (2022)
Open Source Software (OSS) Development & Research
31) Code contributions to quantum OSS projects (can be collaborative or personal projects)
Do you contribute code to quantum OSS projects (can be collaborative or personal projects)?
32) Contributions to quantum OSS as part of scientific research in the quantum field
Are your contributions to quantum OSS part of your scientific research in the quantum field?
33) The type of quantum computing research the respondent performs
Please select the type of quantum computing research you are performing. Please check all that apply.
34) Area of quantum computing believed to be the most promising for future research
Please select the area of quantum computing you believe to be the most promising for future research. Please check all that apply.
Total answers: 807 (2025) – 807 (2024) – 499 (2023)
35) Co-authored a research paper based on work with open-source software
Have you co-authored a research paper based on work with open-source software?
36) Programming languages the respondents use in developing quantum software
Which programming languages do you use in developing quantum software? Please select all that apply.
36b) Programming languages the respondent use in developing quantum software, comparison by year
Total answers: 828 (2025) – 615 (2024) – 513 (2023) – 542 (2022)
37) Programming languages the respondents would like to learn, or consider to be the most promising for future use
Which programming languages would you like to learn, or consider to be the most promising for future use? Please select all that apply.
38) Workflow used in developing quantum software
Which of the below workflows do you use in developing quantum software? Please select all that apply.
39) Platform used in hackathons or live coding sessions
In a hackathon or live coding session, what platform do you like using? Please select all that apply.
40) Use of resource estimation for software development and research
Do you use resource estimation for software development and research?
41) Role of resource estimation
If yes, what do you use resource estimation for?
Total answers: 102
This was an open-ended question. These are the main categories of responses given by users.
Methodology
The quantum OSS projects listed in the software survey have been chosen among those with >50 stars on Github/GitLab included in the awesome-quantum-software list and other lists, excluding software focusing on tutorials, cryptography, experiments, and with commits within the last 12 months. The software projects and platforms have been divided in three categories: cloud services; software for full-stack development, compilers and simulators; and application tools. Software and tools that are represented for the first time this year are not shown in the year-to-year comparison questions.
A draft of the survey was circulated among the Unitary Foundation advisory board, executive board, program members, and partners for feedback. The survey was open from Sept. 2 – Oct. 5, 2025. The data is stored at github.com/unitaryfoundation/qoss-survey.
Unitary Foundation circulated the survey on its social media platforms (Discord, X, LinkedIn, UF blog) and contacting major blogs (QC Report, Qiskit Slack channels, PennyLane blog, etc.), newsletters (UF mailing list, QuTiP mailing list, academic networks, etc.), UF members, supporters and partners.
This is all possible thanks to UF’s amazing members and supporters. Thank you to all that have participated.