Author(s): Marco Lastres, Frank Pollmann, and Sanjay Moudgalya An important result in the theory of quantum control is the “universality” of 2-local unitary gates, i.e., the fact that any global unitary evolution of a system of L qudits can be implemented by composition of 2-local unitary gates. Surprisingly, recent results have shown that universality can brea… [Phys. Rev. B 113, 014310] Published Fri Jan 16, 2026