Embedded Polygon Symbolic Transfer Entropy (EPSTE): A Geometric Token and Deep Learning Approach to Estimating Transfer Entropy in Neuroimaging Time Series

Inferring directed interactions between neural systems from EEG and MEG remains challenging due to noise, nonstationarity, and the high sample complexity of information-theoretic estimators. Transfer Entropy (TE) provides a principled and model-free measure of directed information flow; however, its…