WDT Warp speed Data Transfer

Design philosophy/Overview

Goal: Lowest possible total transfer time - to be only hardware limited (disc or network bandwidth not latency) and as efficient as possible (low CPU/memory/resources utilization)

We keep dependencies minimal in order to maximize portability and ensure a small binary size. As a bonus, this also minimizes compile time.

We aren’t using exceptions for performance reasons and because using exceptions would make it harder to reason about the control flow of the library. We also believe the WDT library is easier to integrate as a result. Our philosophy is to write moderately structured and encapsulated C code as opposed to using every feature of C++.

We try to minimize the number of system calls, which is one of the reasons we are using blocking thread IOs. We can maximize system throughput because at any given point some threads are reading while others are writing, and data is buffered on both paths - keeping each subsystem busy while minimizing kernel to userspace switches.

Terminology

WDT uses "Mbytes" everywhere in its output as 1024*1024 bytes = 1048576 bytes (technically this should be the new mebibyte (MiB) standard but it felt Mbytes is be more in line with what other tools are using, clearer, easier to read and matching what a traditional "megabyte" used to mean in historical memory units where the address lines are binary and thus power of two and not of ten)

Example

While WDT is primarily a library, we also have a small command line tool which we use for tests and which is useful by itself. Here is a quick example:

Receiver side: (starts the server indicating destination directory)

[ldemailly@devbig074]$ wdt -directory /data/users/ldemailly/transfer1

Sender side: (discover and sends all files in a directory tree to destination)

[root@dev443]$ wdt -directory /usr/bin -destination devbig074.prn2

[=================================================] 100% 588.8 Mbytes/s
I0720 21:48:08.446014 3245296 Sender.cpp:314] Total sender time = 2.68699
seconds (0.00640992 dirTime). Transfer summary : Transfer status = OK. Number
of files transferred = 1887. Data Mbytes = 1582.08. Header Kbytes = 62.083
(0.00383215% overhead). Total bytes = 1658999858. Wasted bytes due to
failure = 0 (0% overhead). Total sender throughput = 588.816 Mbytes/sec
(590.224 Mbytes/sec pure transf rate)

Note that in this simple example with lots of small files (/usr/bin from a linux distribution), but not much data (~1.5Gbyte), the maximum speed isn’t as good as it would with more data (as there is still a TCP ramp up time even though it’s faster because of parallelization) like when we use it in our production use cases.

Performance/Results

In an internal use at Facebook to transfer RocksDB snapshot between hosts we are able to transfer data at a throttled 600 Mbytes/sec even across long distance, high latency links (e.g. Sweden to Oregon). That’s 3x the speed of the previous highly optimized HTTP-based solution and with less strain on the system. When not throttling, we are able to easily saturate a 40 Gbit/s NIC and get near theoretical link speed (above 4 Gbytes/sec).

We have so far optimized WDT for servers with fast IOs - in particular flash card or in-memory read/writes. If you use disks throughput won’t be as good, but we do plan on optimizing for disks as well in the future.

Dependencies

CMake for building WDT - See build/BUILD.md

gflags (google flags library) but only for the command line, the library doesn’t depend on that

gtest (google testing) but only for tests

glog (google logging library) - use W*LOG macros so everything logged by WDT is always prefixed by "wdt>" which helps when embedded in another service

Parts of Facebook’s Folly open source library (as set in the CMakefile) Mostly conv, threadlocal and checksum support.

For encryption, the crypto lib part of openssl-1.x

You can build and embed wdt as a library with as little as a C++11 compiler and glog - and you could macro away glog or replace it by printing to stderr if needed.

Code layout

Directories

top level Main WDT classes and Wdt command line source, CMakeLists.txt

util/ Utilities used for implementing the main objects

test/ Tests files and scripts

build/ Build related scripts and files and utils

fbonly/ Stuff specific to facebook/ (not in open source version)

bench/ Benchmark generation tools

Main files

CMakeLists.txt, .travis.yml, build/BUILD.md,travis_linux.sh,travis_osx.sh Build definition file - use CMake to generate a Makefile or a project file for your favorite IDE - details in build/BUILD.md

wdtCmdline.cpp

Main program which allows to have a server or client process to exercise the library (for end 2 end test as well as a standalone utility)

• wcp.sh

A script to use wdt like scp for single big files - pending splitting support inside wdt proper the script does the splitting for you. install as "wcp".

• WdtOptions.{h|cpp}

To specify the behavior of wdt. If wdt is used as a library, then the caller get the mutable object of options and set different options accordingly. When wdt is run in a standalone mode, behavior is changed through gflags in wdtCmdLine.cpp

WdtThread.{h|cpp} Common functionality and settings between SenderThread and ReceiverThread. Both of these kind of threads inherit from this base class.

WdtBase.{h|cpp}

Common functionality and settings between Sender and Receiver

• WdtResourceController.{h|cpp}

Optional factory for Sender/Receiver with limit on number being created.

Producing/Sending

• ByteSource.h

Interface for a data element to be sent/transferred

• FileByteSource.{h|cpp}

Implementation/concrete subclass of ByteSource for a file identified as a relative path from a root dir. The identifier (path) sent remotely is the relative path

• SourceQueue.h

Interface for producing next ByteSource to be sent

• DirectorySourceQueue.{h|cpp}

Concrete implementation of SourceQueue producing all the files in a given directory, sorted by decreasing size (as they are discovered, you can start pulling from the queue even before all the files are found, it will return the current largest file)

• ThreadTransferHistory.{h|cpp}

Every thread maintains a transfer history so that when a connection breaks it can talk to the receiver to find out up to where in the history has been sent. This class encapsulates all the logic for that bookkeeping

• SenderThread.{h|cpp}

Implements the functionality of one sender thread, which binds to a certain port and sends files over.

• Sender.{h|cpp}

Spawns multiple SenderThread threads and sends the data across to receiver

Consuming / Receiving

• FileCreator.{h|cpp}

Creates file and directories necessary for said file (mkdir -p like)

• ReceiverThread.{h|cpp}

Implements the functionality of the receiver threads, responsible for listening on a port and receiving files over the network.

• Receiver.{h|cpp}

Parent receiver class that spawns multiple ReceiverThread threads and receives data from a remote host

Low level building blocks

• ServerSocket.{h|.cpp}

Encapsulate a server socket listening on a port and giving a file descriptor to be used to communicate with the client

• ClientSocket.{h|cpp}

Client socket wrapper - connection to a server port -> fd

• Protocol.{h|cpp}

Decodes/Encodes meta information needed to interpret the data stream: the id (file path) and size (byte length of the data)

• SocketUtils.{h|cpp}

Common socket related utilities (both client/server, sender/receiver side use)

• Throttler.{h|cpp}

Throttling code

• ErrorCodes.h

Header file for error codes

• Reporting.{h|cpp}

Class representing transfer stats and reports

Future development/extensibility

The current implementation works well and has high efficiency. It is also extensible by implementing different byte sources both in and out. But inserting processing units isn’t as easy.

For that we plan on restructuring the code to use a Zero copy stream/buffer pipeline: To maintain efficiency, the best overall total transfer time and time to first byte we can see WDT’s internal architecture as chainable units

[Disk/flash/Storage IO] -> [Compression] -> [Protocol handling] -> [Encryption] -> [Network IO]

And the reverse chain on the receiving/writing end The trick is the data is variable length input and some units can change length and we need to process things by blocks Constraints/Design:

• No locking / contention when possible
• (Hard) Limits on memory used
• Minimal number of copies/moving memory around
• Still works the same for simple read file fd -> control -> write socked fd current basic implementation

Possible Solution(?) API:

• Double linked list of Units
• read/pull from left (pull() ?)
• push to the right (push() ?)
• end of stream from left
• propagate last bytes to right

Can still be fully synchronous / blocking, works thanks to eof handling (synchronous gives us lock free/single thread - internally a unit is free to use parallelization like the compression stage is likely to want/need)

Another thing we touched on is processing chunks out of order - by changing header to be ( fileid, offset, size ) instead of ( filename, size ) and assuming everything is following in 1 continuous block (will also help the use case of small number of large files/chunks) : mmap’in the target/destination file The issue then is who creates it in what order - similar to the directory creation problem - we could use a meta info channel to avoid locking/contention but that requires synchronization

We want things to work with even up to 1 second latency without incurring a 1 second delay before we send the first payload byte

Submitting diffs/making changes

See CONTRIBUTING.md

Please run the tests

CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE=1 make test

And ideally also the manual tests (integration/porting upcoming)

wdt_e2e_test.sh wdt_download_resumption_test.sh wdt_network_test.sh wdt_max_send_test.sh

(facebook only:) Make sure to do the following, before "arc diff":

(cd wdt ; ./build/clangformat.sh )
# if you changed the minor version of the protocol (in CMakeLists.txt)
# run (cd wdt ; ./build/version_update.tcl ) to sync with fbcode's WdtConfig.h

fbconfig  --clang --sanitize=address -r  wdt

fbmake runtests --run-disabled --extended-tests
# Optionally: opt build
fbmake runtests_opt
fbmake opt
# Sender max speed test
wdt/test/wdt_max_send_test.sh
# Check buck build
buck build wdt/...
# Debug a specific test with full output even on success:
buck test wdt:xxx -- --run-disabled --extended-tests --print-passing-details\
--print-long-results

and check the output of the last step to make sure one of the 3 runs is still above 20,000 Mbytes/sec (you may need to make sure you /dev/shm is mostly empty to get the best memory throughput, as well as not having a ton of random processes running during the test)

Also :

• Update this file

• Make sure your diff has a task

• Put (relevant) log output of sender/receiver in the diff test plan or comment

• Depending on the changes

• Perf: wdt/wdt_e2e_test.sh has a mix of ~ > 700 files, > 8 Gbytes/sec

• do run remote network tests (wdt/wdt_remote_test.sh)

• do run profiler and check profile results (wdt/fbonly/wdt_prof.sh) 80k small files at > 1.6 Gbyte/sec