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A graphical representation of glycine on a surface in the interstellar medium bombarded by cosmic rays to produce peptides, the building block of proteins.

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Credit: Alfred Thomas Hopkinson. The stars are adapted from NIRCam image of the Cosmic Cliffs - NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI.

New Research Reveals That Complex Building Blocks of Life Can Form Spontaneously in Space

Challenging long-held assumptions, Aarhus University researchers have demonstrated that protein building blocks essential for life as we know it can form readily in space. This discovery significantly raises the statistical probability of finding extraterrestrial life.

In a cutting-edge laboratory at Aarhus University and at an international European facility in Hungary (HUN-REN Atomki), researchers Sergio Ioppolo and Alfred Thomas Hopkinson conduct pioneering experiments.

Within a small chamber, the two scientists have mimicked the environment found in giant dust clouds thousands of light-years away. This is no easy feat.

The temperature in these regions is a freezing -260°C. There is almost no pressure, meaning the researchers must constantly pump out gas particles to maintain an ultra-high vacuum.

They are simulating these conditions to observe how the remaining particles react to radiation, exactly as they would in a real interstellar environment.

“We already know from earlier experiments that simple amino acids, like glycine, form in interstellar space. But we were interested in discovering if more complex molecules, like peptides, form naturally on the surface of dust grains before those take part in the formation of stars and planets,” Sergio Ioppolo says.

Peptides are amino acids bonded together in short chains. When peptides bond with one another, they form proteins – which are essential for life as we know it. Looking for the precursors to proteins is, therefore, vital in the search for the origin of life, he explains.

The two researchers placed glycine in the chamber, irradiated it with cosmic ray analogs produced by an ion accelerator at HUN-REN Atomki, and analyzed the results.

“We saw that the glycine molecules started reacting with each other to form peptides and water. This indicates that the same process occurs in interstellar space,” Alfred Thomas Hopkinson says. “This is a step toward proteins being created on dust particles, the same materials that later form rocky planets.”

Where stars are born

Sergio Ioppolo, Alfred Thomas Hopkinson, and their colleagues at Aarhus University study and mimic the giant dust clouds between the stars because these are the birthplaces of new solar systems.

“We used to think that only very simple molecules could be created in these clouds. The understanding was that more complex molecules formed much later, once the gases had begun coalescing into a disc that eventually becomes a star,” Sergio Ioppolo explains.

“But we have shown that this is clearly not the case.”

The discovery is significant because it suggests that these essential molecules are far more abundant in the universe than previously believed.

“Eventually, these gas clouds collapse into stars and planets. Bit by bit, these tiny building blocks land on rocky planets within a newly formed solar system. If those planets happen to be in the habitable zone, then there is a real probability that life might emerge,” Sergio Ioppolo says.

“That said, we still don’t know exactly how life began. But research like ours shows that many of the complex molecules necessary for life are created naturally in space.”

A universal reaction

It might seem like a minor discovery that peptides form naturally from the simplest amino acids in space. However, the chemical process through which amino acids bond is universal. This suggests that the same reaction likely occurs with other, more complex amino acids as well, Alfred Thomas Hopkinson explains.

“All types of amino acids bond into peptides through the same reaction. It is, therefore, very likely that other peptides naturally form in interstellar space as well," says Hopkinson. "We haven’t looked into this yet, but we are likely to do so in the future."

Amino acids and peptides are not the only building blocks essential to life; membranes, nucleobases, and nucleotides are necessary as well. Whether these also form naturally in space remains unknown, but Sergio Ioppolo, Alfred Thomas Hopkinson, and their colleagues at the Center for Interstellar Catalysis, funded by The Danish National Research Foundation, are working hard to find out.

“These molecules are some of the key building blocks of life,” explained co-author Professor Liv Hornekær, the InterCat center leader. “They might actively participate in early prebiotic chemistry, catalyzing further reactions that lead toward life.”

"There’s still a lot to be discovered, but our research team is working on answering as many of these basic questions as possible," Sergio Ioppolo says. "We’ve already discovered that many of the building blocks of life are formed out there, and we’ll likely find more in the future."

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Journal

Nature Astronomy

Method of Research

Experimental study

Article Title

An interstellar energetic and non-aqueous pathway to peptide formation

Article Publication Date

20-Jan-2026

COI Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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