Abstract

Glucocorticoid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex (i.e. zona fasciculata, zF) constitute the critical effectors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mediating the mammalian stress response. With glucocorticoids being essential for life, zF dysfunction perturbs multiple organs that participate in optimizing cardiometabolic fitness. The zF forms a dynamic and heterogenous cell population endowed with the capacity to remodel through the engagement of both proliferative and differentiation programs that enable the adrenal to adapt and respond to diverse stressors. However, the mechanisms that sustain such differential responsiveness remain poorly understood. In this study, we resolve the transcriptome of the steroidogenic lineage by scRNA-seq using Sf1-Crehigh; Rosa**mT/mG reporter mice. We identify HHEX, a homeodomain protein, as the most enriched transcription factor in glucocorticoid-producing cells. We utilize genetic mouse models to demonstrate that Hhex deletion causes glucocorticoid deficiency in male animals. Molecularly, we demonstrate that HHEX is an androgen receptor (AR) target gene, shaping the sexual dimorphism of the adrenal gland by repressing the female transcriptional program at puberty, while also maintaining zF cholesterol ester content by protecting lipid droplets from androgen-induced-lipophagy. Moreover, our study reveals that, in both sexes, HHEX is crucial for maintaining the identity of the innermost adrenocortical cell subpopulation. Specifically, loss of HHEX impairs the expression of Abcb1b (P-glycoprotein/MDR1), an efflux pump regulating steroid export and cellular levels of xenobiotics. Together, these data demonstrate that HHEX serves as a multi-functional regulator of post-natal adrenal maturation that is potentiated by androgens.

Data availability

All sequencing datasets generated in this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under the accession code GSE291343, GSE291472, and GSE291344. Processed data are provided in Supplementary Data 1. The CLOUPE file related to the scRNAseq dataset presented in this manuscript is accessible at the following address [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28612406]. Source data are provided with this paper.

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