Why It Works

• By soaking the pasta in hot water instead of boiling it separately, this recipe comes together in only one pan.
• Folding cubes of mozzarella into the pasta ensures gooey pockets of cheese with each bite.
• Two types of cheese—low-moisture mozzarella and grated Parmigiano-Reggiano—bring great texture and flavor to the finished casserole.

Having been exposed to it mostly at the summer camp table and food courts around Boston, I’d always known it by its most wildly inaccurate name: American chop suey. It was a staple in those all-you-can-eat Chinese-American restaurants along the side of the freeway, and a common item in the steam tables of the Italian chains at the shopping malls (and pretty much every other steam table establishment in New England, as far as I can tell), but its reach wasn’t limited to the buffet line—it made regular appearances in cookbooks and dinner tables from the 1960’s through the 90’s (though it wasn’t always loved).

If the response to my tweet about American chop suey is any indication, for the generations of folks who grew up on it, American chop suey is a deeply divisive food, inspiring nostalgia and comfort in some, and queasiness in others.

New York Times food critic Pete Wells recalls the dish from his childhood in Rhode Island:

"My mother made it pretty regularly when I was growing up. I don’t know why I didn’t like it. I loved baked ziti and spaghetti and meatballs and lasagna and all the other Italian-American food that my mother and everybody else’s mothers made. But American chop suey didn’t taste like those other things. It just tasted like American chop suey, and I could never work up any enthusiasm about it."

Considering its origins, it’s not surprising that it tastes so dissimilar from other Italian-American classics. Here’s the truth: It’s not really Italian-American at all. At least, it didn’t start that way.

Mess Hall Origins and Many Names

So where the heck does it get its name? Chinese-American chop suey—a dish consisting of a hodgepodge of mixed vegetables and meat stir-fried with soy sauce and served over rice—was known to Americans as early as the early 20th century. The Oxford Companion to Food and Drink traces American chop suey’s etymological origins to the 1916 Manual for Army Cooks an "urtext for many institutional foods of the twentieth century. The army recipe could be made with either beef round or pork shoulder, beef stock, barbecue sauce, and salt. By 1932, the Navy’s cookbook had added cabbage and green peppers. Practical Home Economics (1919) has a recipe entitled "chop suey" that adds tomatoes and parsley and omits the onions and cabbage."

"by the mid 1960’s, American chop suey had lost all pretenses of being Chinese."

But it wasn’t until later—into the middle of the century—that rice was dropped and replaced with pasta, and cheese—a grating of Parmesan optionally added after cooking—was added to the dish. So while its cultural origins may be distinct, for all intents and purposes, by the mid 1960’s, American chop suey had lost all pretenses of being Chinese and instead reflected the same Italian-American combination of pasta, tomato, and beef that created every other mac and beef variant. Even the soy sauce—an ingredient which still survives in the occasional recipe today—was eventually supplanted by Worcestershire sauce.

Beefaroni, macaroni and beef, chili mac, call it what you will, but I find it both fascinating and insanely frustrating that there is such a vast lexicon of All-American beef-tomato-macaroni-cheese casserole-style dishes, yet there is no overarching term that covers all of them. In the Midwest you’ve got Johnny Marzetti, which is covered with melted broiled cheese in a hot casserole dish. Head East to Mid-Atlantic states and you’ll find goulash, a macaroni and beef casserole whose only connection to the Hungarian stew of the same name is the inclusion of paprika in its recipe. If you were to add some cumin and chili powder to the mix, you end up with chili mac, which, in my research, seems to be the preferred macaroni-beef-tomato incarnation of Rachael Ray, Taste of Home, and Kraft’s corporate kitchens.

Unfortunately, the dish has come on hard times. I ask my friends if they know it—even the ones from New England!—and I’m met either with blank stares, or an assumption that I’m talking about the Chinese Dish.

Whatever its origins, one thing is for sure: When made right, the stuff is delicious and it’s high time it made a comeback. Tender pasta with a rich tomato and beef sauce flavored with garlic and oregano, cooked together with onions and garlic and finished with cheese, this is Italian-American comfort food at its finest. Not only that, but it’s a ridiculously easy dish to put together, cooked 100% on the stovetop, and requiring nothing more than a straight-sided sauté pan (even a large Dutch oven will work), a bowl, and about half an hour of your time.

Here’s how I make mine.

Step by Step: How to Make American Chop Suey

Step 1: Soak Pasta

Most recipes for American chop suey call for par-cooking macaroni in a separate pot until it’s nearly cooked through, then finishing it in the pan with the sauce. But for several years now, I’ve been using a technique that Aki Kamozawa and H. Alexander Talbot of Ideas in Food wrote about back in 2009: soaking pasta before cooking. The idea is to separate the two processes that happen when you’re cooking pasta: hydration and heat.

Once your pasta has soaked in warm water for about 20 minutes, it cooks up directly in the sauce in just under half the time it takes to boil it using the traditional method, and it means one fewer pot to heat up on the stovetop.

And before someone points it out, yes, I went fancy with the macaroni, ditching the elbows and using some ridged, spiral-shaped cavatappi instead.

Step 2: Chop Vegetables

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

American chop suey can contain ingredients as varied as celery to olives, but the vast majority of the time you get the classic Italian-American pepper and onion combo. The same stuff that’s served on top of your Fenway Frank or your Chicken Scarpariello. I use a mix of green bell peppers and yellow onion, though red bell pepper wouldn’t be completely out of the question here either.

Some folks like the pepper and onions cut into chunky strips. I prefer the way small dice melds into the sauce later on.

Step 3: Get Your Fat On

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

We’re cooking in a mixture of olive oil and butter here, for the same reason I do with my Italian-American Red Sauce: butter provides a velvety richness while olive oil gives great flavor.

Heat up the fats in a large, straight-sided sauté pan. As soon as the butter is melted, it’s time to move on.

Step 4: Sauté Your Veg

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

The trick here is to cook the vegetables down slowly so that they melt into the sauce without browning. Over moderate heat, it should take a full seven minutes. And remember—NO BROWNING. There’s a time and a place for sweet browned onion flavor, and it’s not here.

Step 5: Crush Tomatoes

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

I always keep my pantry stocked with whole peeled San Marzano tomatoes. Whole tomatoes in cans tend to be much more consistent in quality than diced or crushed tomatoes, and it’s a simple task to get them to whatever texture you’d like. If you have a stick blender, you can blend the tomatoes directly in the can they come in. If not, just buzz ’em in a normal blender for a few seconds. I’m using two full 28-ounce cans.

Step 6: Mince Garlic

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Four cloves of garlic, minced however you normally mince it, whether that’s on a Microplane (like me), by hand (like the occasional me), or with a press (like not-me). While you’re at it, now is also a good time to roughly mince some fresh parsley leaves.

Step 7: Add Aromatics

Add the garlic along with a bit of red pepper flakes, a tablespoon of dried oregano, and a small handful of minced fresh parsley leaves. Why fresh parsley and dried oregano? Heartier herbs with more succulent leaves like oregano or rosemary retain their flavors far better when dried than tender leafy herbs like parsley. A good general rule of thumb is that if the leaves are fuzzy of pointy, they’ll still be tasty when dried. Thin and green? Use them fresh only.

Step 8: Here’s the Beef

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

No need to get fancy here. A pound of straight up 80/20 ground chuck has a good balance of flavor and fat. To cook it, I clear a space in the center of the pan and place the meat right in the center.

Step 9: Break Up the Meat

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

To break up the meat, I start by using a wooden spoon to get it into rough chunks.

Step 10: Mash It

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Then I follow through with a potato masher to completely separate the meat into small bits (a sturdy whisk will also work). I like the way this helps the meat incorporate evenly into the sauce—there’s nothing I dislike more than large chunks of tough meat in an otherwise smooth sauce.

Ok, I can think of a few things I hate more,* but not many.

*bananas, the Eagles, and microwaves with too many buttons come to mind.

To that end, I also don’t like to brown my ground meat too deeply—the more you brown, the tougher and grittier it gets. Even without browning, there’s plenty of flavor going on here, and I prefer the more velvety texture of meat that’s mostly simmered.

There are exceptions to this rule, and when I do brown ground meat, I’ll generally buy the meat as whole pieces, brown it first, then cut and grind it to get browned flavor without introducing toughness. But that’s too much work for an easy project like this.

Step 11: Add the Tomatoes

Both cans of puréed tomatoes are stirred into the sauté pan.

Step 12: Drain the Pasta

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

At this point, your pasta should have been soaking in hot water for around 20 to 30 minutes. It’s not 100% hydrated, but it’s got a good head start. Drain it in a colander.

Step 13: Add the Pasta

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Next, add the pasta to the sauté pan. It’ll finishing cooking right in the sauce.

Step 14: Add the Worcestershire

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Worcestershire sauce is an essential element in New England-style American chop suey. I glug it in by eye, but you can start with two tablespoons for the whole pot if you’re the type that gets uncomfortable when there are no measuring spoons around.

Step 15: Add Chicken Broth

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Since we’re still gonna have to partially re-hydrate those noodles, a little bit of extra liquid is necessary. I add a cup of chicken broth to the mix before seasoning it with salt and pepper.

Step 16: Stir, Simmer, and Cook

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Stir everything together, cover it with a lid, and let it sit at a hard simmer for about five minutes to get the noodles to cook nearly all the way through.

Step 17: Cut the Cheese

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

While the sauce simmers, it’s time to work on the cheese.

The most basic American chop suey recipes are made 100% cheese-free, but I don’t stand for that kind of nonsense here.

I tried making this casserole topped a few different ways: grated Parmesan, grated mozzarella, cubed mozzarella—I even went to the extremes, using white American singles (not uncommon!) to real honest-to-goodness, straight-from-Italy buffalo milk mozzarella. (The American has great texture but it melts almost too easily, and fails to add much flavor to the dish. Very fresh water-packed mozzarellas tended to get rubbery when melted and release too much watery whey.)

While the standard dish is light on the cheese, every time I added more cheese it just got better and better. I decided to say screw it to tradition in favor of better flavor. The best cheese for the job was plain old low-moisture mozzarella cheese from the supermarket. Pizza cheese, if you will.

Rather than applying it in grated form, I found cubes was better, giving you nice cheesy pockets to bite into.

We’re using a full pound of mozzarella cheese here.

Step 18: Grate Parmesan

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

In addition to the mozzarella, I grate down a few ounces of Parmigiano-Reggiano. Perhaps Italy’s most famous cheese seems a little out of place in one of America’s lowliest casseroles, but there’s a reason opposites attract, and in this case, that reason is that both things are damned delicious.

Step 19: Uncover and Stir

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

After simmering for five minutes, remove the cover and stir the pasta, tasting a piece to ensure that it’s cooked. At this point it’ll still look very soupy and moist. This is okay. It will tighten up. Just trust me on this one.

Step 20: Stir In and Top With Cheese

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Most American chop suey recipes add a sprinkling of cheese to the top of the dish. To me that seems a little half-assed when comforting is what we’re going for. Instead, I take half of the cheese and stir it right into the casserole, folding gently so that the cheese remains in intact pockets that build cheesy flavor and richness into every bite.

Spread the remaining mozzarella over the top of the casserole along with half of the Parmesan.

Step 21: Cover and Cook

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Cover the pan again, bring it to a light simmer for three minutes, then let it rest off heat for five minutes for the cheese to melt thoroughly.

Step 22: The Reveal

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

After that final rest, your pasta should have absorbed the last traces of excess liquid while becoming perfectly al dente in the process. The cheese should be fully melted, and everything should smell insanely delicious. As soon as the lid is off, I sprinkle it with a bit of extra grated Parmesan, along with some roughly chopped parsley leaves. Adding those herbs in two stages helps build up layers of flavor.

Are your guests a little slow getting to the dinner table? Don’t worry about it. This is the kind of dense, heavy stuff that will stay steaming hot and gooey for at least half an hour. Still, if you want to get that perfect cheese-tendril money shot, your best bet is to act fast.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

See how that cheese gets itself nice and comfortable between the noodles? That’s how comfortable you’re gonna be once you start eating. (Pass the Worcestershire and the hot sauce, please.)

If this dish doesn’t inspire groans in your stomach, intense pangs of hunger, and furrowed brows deeply troubled by a sense of longing and incompleteness in you, then I’m afraid that you and I may just not get along.

September 2014

Keep Screen Awake

1 pound elbow macaroni or other tubular pasta, such as cavatappi

Kosher salt

2 (28-ounce) cans whole peeled tomatoes

2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil

2 tablespoons unsalted butter

1 large onion, finely diced (about 1 1/2 cups)

1 large green pepper, finely diced (about 1 cup)

4 cloves garlic, minced (about 4 teaspoons)

1 tablespoon dried oregano

1 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes

1/4 cup finely minced fresh parsley

1 pound 80/20 ground beef

2 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce, plus more for serving

1 cup homemade or store-bought low-sodium chicken stock

Freshly ground black pepper

1 pound low moisture whole milk mozzarella cheese, cut into 1/2-inch cubes

3 ounces roughly grated Parmigiano-Reggiano

Place macaroni in a large bowl and cover with hot water. Season generously with salt. Let rest, stirring twice during the first 10 minutes, while you prepare the other ingredients.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt 1.

Using a hand blender directly in the tomato jar or a regular countertop blender, process tomatoes until mostly smooth. Set aside. 1.

Heat oil and butter in a 5-quart straight-sided sauté pan or Dutch oven over medium-high heat, swirling, until butter is mostly melted. Add onions and peppers, reduce heat to medium and cook, stirring frequently, until softened but not browned, about 7 minutes. Add garlic, oregano, red pepper flakes, and half of parsley, and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 1 minute.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt 1.

Clear a space in the center of the pan and add meat. Increase heat to high. Cook, breaking it up first with a wooden spoon, then with a potato masher, until broken into small pieces. Continue cooking until no longer pink, about 4 minutes. Add puréed tomatoes and bring to a simmer.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt 1.

Drain noodles in a large colander set in the sink. Add to pot with beef. Add Worcestershire sauce and chicken stock and stir, folding noodles through the sauce until noodles and sauce are well-integrated. Cover and cook at a hard simmer until noodles are mostly cooked, about half of cook-time indicated on box.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt 1.

Remove lid and stir to combine. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Add half of cubed mozzarella and stir to incorporate rapidly (do not overstir or the mixture will stretch and stick to your spoon). Spread remaining mozzarella over surface of dish. Sprinkle half of Parmesan over dish. Cover and cook over the lowest possible heat for 3 minutes. Remove from heat and let rest with cover on for 5 minutes.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt 1.

Uncover, sprinkle with remaining Parmesan and herbs and serve immediately, passing extra Worcestershire sauce at the table.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Special Equipment

4 1/2- to 5-quart straight-sided sauté pan with lid

Notes

The chop suey can also be completed in a casserole dish. Make the sauce as directed through step 4. Add Worcestershire sauce directly to sauce, but omit chicken broth. In a large pot, boil the macaroni until half-cooked. Drain and add to the sauce. Transfer mixture to a large casserole dish. Stir in half the mozzarella, top with the remaining mozzarella and half the Parmesan, and bake in a 375°F (190°C) oven until pasta is fully cooked, sauce is bubbling, and cheese is fully melted, about 30 minutes. Remove from oven, top with remaining Parmesan and herbs, let rest five minutes, and serve passing extra Worcestershire sauce on the side.

Read More

• 46 Saucy Italian Pasta Dishes You Should Know and Love
• 27 Quick and Easy Pasta Recipes