EVM Workloads in the Wild: Evidence for Multi-Dimensional Gas Metering, State Growth, Delayed Execution, and Parallelism (opens in new tab)

Gas metering on EVM-compatible blockchains assumes that execution conditions are stable: that the resource mix is constant enough to justify collapsing execution costs into a single scalar with fixed relative prices, and that state drift between submission and execution does not materially alter a transaction's outcome. We measure the extent to which this assumption fails. We present a trace-level measurement study of EVM workloads on Ethereum (...