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Alea iacta est ("The die is cast") is a variation of a Latin phrase (iacta alea est [ˈjakta ˈaːlɛ.a ˈɛs̺t]) attributed by Suetonius to Julius Caesar on 10 January 49 BC, as he led his army across the Rubicon river in Northern Italy, between Cesena and Rimini, in defiance of the Roman Senate and beginning a long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase is often used to indicate events that have passed a point of no return.

According to Plutarch, Caesar originally said the line in Greek rather than Latin, as ἀνερῥίφθω κύβος anerrhī́phthō kýbos, literally "let a die be cast", metaphorically "let the game be played". This is a quote from a play by Menander, and Suetonius’s Latin translation is slightly misleading, being merely a statement about the inevitability of what is to come, while the Greek original contains a self-encouragement to venture forward. The Latin version is now most commonly cited with the word order changed (Alea iacta est), and it is used both in this form, and in translation in many languages. The same event inspired another related idiom, "crossing the Rubicon".

A Roman die

Caesar probably borrowed the phrase from Menander, the famous Greek writer of comedies, as the phrase appeared in Menander’s lost play Arrephoros (‘The Bearer of Ritual Objects’),[note 1] and Caesar was known to have considered him a great playwright.[note 2] Plutarch reports that Caesar quoted these words in Greek:

Ἑλληνιστὶ πρὸς τοὺς παρόντας ἐκβοήσας, «Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος», [anerrhī́phthō kýbos] διεβίβαζε τὸν στρατόν.[3]

He [Caesar] declared in Greek with loud voice to those who were present "Let a die be cast" and led the army across.

— Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 60.2.9[4]

Appian, also writing in Greek, reports a very similar phrase, and states that it was familiar (a well-known saying or quote):

καὶ εἰπὼν οἷά τις ἔνθους ἐπέρα σὺν ὁρμῇ, τὸ κοινὸν τόδε ἐπειπών· «Ὁ κύβος ἀνερρίφθω».

Then speaking like a man inspired, he surged across, uttering the familiar phrase, "Let the die be cast".

— Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.35[5]

Suetonius, a contemporary of Plutarch and Appian, writing in Latin, has the quote in Latin instead of Greek:

Caesar: "... iacta alea est", inquit.[6] Caesar said, "The die is cast".

In Latin alea refers to a game with dice and, more generally, a game of hazard or chance. Dice were common in Roman times and were usually cast three at a time. There were two kinds. The six-sided dice were known in Latin as tesserae and the four-sided ones (rounded at each end) were known as tali.[7] In Greek a die was κύβος kybos.[8]

• Aleatoricism
• List of Latin phrases

1. ^ Menander’s Arrephoros (Ἀρρηφόρος, ‘The Bearer of Ritual Objects’) was also titled Auletris (Αὐλητρίς, ‘The Courtesan Flute-Player’).

Though this play is now lost, the following dialogue from it was preserved in Athenaeus of Naucratis’s Deipnosophistae (book 13, paragraph 8):

A: If you’ve got any sense, you won’t get married and give up living like this. I’m married myself—which is why I’m advising you not to do it. B: It’s all decided; the die’s been cast. A: Go ahead—and good luck. Because you’re going to throw yourself into a real sea of troubles now, and not the Libyan or the Aegean sea..., where less than three ships out of thirty get wrecked. Not one married man escapes undamaged.[1]

1. ^ Caesar’s respect for Menander is known from one of Caesar’s poems, which was preserved in Suetonius’s The Twelve Caesars. In the poem, he praises the playwright Terence, saying that he is "ranked with the highest", but despite this is only a "half-sized Menander".[2]

2. ^ Athenaeus (2010). The Learned Banqueters. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. VI. Translated by Olson, S. Douglas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 247. doi:10.4159/DLCL.atheneus_grammarian-learned_banqueters.2007.

3. ^ Casali, Sergio (2018). "Caesar’s Poetry in its Context". In Grillo, Luca; Krebs, Christopher B. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Writings of Julius Caesar. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–209. doi:10.1017/9781139151160.015.

4. ^ Perseus Digital Library Plut. Pomp. 60.2

5. ^ See also Plutarch’s Life of Caesar 32.8.4 and Sayings of Kings & Emperors 206c.

6. ^ Appian (2020). Roman History, Volume IV: Civil Wars, Books 1–2. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by McGing, Brian. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/DLCL.appian-roman_history_civil_wars.2020.

7. ^ Perseus Digital Library Suet. Jul. 32

8. ^ alea. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.

9. ^ κύβος.

• Divus Iulius, paragraph 32 by Suetonius, where the quote is found.
• Reference to Augustus playing Alea