Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2019 Feb;45(2):254-269. doi: 10.1177/0146167218783195. Epub 2018 Jul 11.

Authors

Affiliations

• 1 1 Tilburg University, The Netherlands.

• 2 2 University of Cologne, Germany.

• PMID: 29993325

• PMCID: PMC6328999

• DOI: 10.1177/0146167218783195

Abstract

Cynicism refers to a negative appraisal of human nature-a belief that self-interest is the ultimate motive guiding human behavior. We explored laypersons’ beliefs about cynicism and competence and to what extent these beliefs correspond to reality. Four studies showed that laypeople tend to believe in cynical individuals’ cognitive superiority. A further three studies based on the data of about 200,000 individuals from 30 countries debunked these lay beliefs as illusionary by revealing that cynical (vs. less cynical) individuals generally do worse on cognitive ability and academic competency tasks. Cross-cultural analyses showed that competent individuals held contingent attitudes and endorsed cynicism only if it was warranted in a given sociocultural environment. Less competent individuals embraced cynicism unconditionally, suggesting that-at low levels of competence-holding a cynical worldview might represent an adaptive default strategy to avoid the potential costs of falling prey to others’ cunning.

** Keywords: ** competence; cynicism; lay theories; social perception.

MeSH terms

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Attitude*
• Cognition*
• Cross-Cultural Comparison
• Educational Measurement / statistics & numerical data*
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Social Perception*
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Young Adult