Introduction¶

Docker is the most popular containerization technology. When used correctly, it can enhance security compared to running applications directly on the host system. However, certain misconfigurations can reduce security levels or introduce new vulnerabilities.

The aim of this cheat sheet is to provide a straightforward list of common security errors and best practices to assist in securing your Docker containers.

Rules¶

RULE #0 - Keep Host and Docker up to date¶

To protect against known container escape vulnerabilities like Leaky Vessels, which typically result in the attacker gaining root access to the host, it’s vital to keep both the host and Docker up to date. This includes regularly updating the host kernel as well as the Docker Engine.

This is due to the fact that containers share the host’s kernel. If the host’s kernel is vulnerable, the containers are also vulnerable. For example, the kernel privilege escalation exploit, Dirty COW, executed inside a well-insulated container would still result in root access on a vulnerable host.

RULE #1 - Do not expose the Docker daemon socket (even to the containers)¶

Docker socket /var/run/docker.sock is the UNIX socket that Docker is listening to. This is the primary entry point for the Docker API. The owner of this socket is root. Giving someone access to it is equivalent to giving unrestricted root access to your host.

Do not enable tcp Docker daemon socket. If you are running docker daemon with -H tcp://0.0.0.0:XXX or similar you are exposing unencrypted and unauthenticated direct access to the Docker daemon, if the host is internet connected this means the docker daemon on your computer can be used by anyone from the public internet. If you really, really have to do this, you should secure it. Check how to do this following Docker official documentation.

Do not expose /var/run/docker.sock to other containers. If you are running your docker image with -v /var/run/docker.sock://var/run/docker.sock or similar, you should change it. Remember that mounting the socket read-only is not a solution but only makes it harder to exploit. Equivalent in the docker compose file is something like this:

volumes:
- "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock"

RULE #2 - Set a user¶

Configuring the container to use an unprivileged user is the best way to prevent privilege escalation attacks. This can be accomplished in three different ways as follows:

1. During runtime using -u option of docker run command e.g.:

docker run -u 4000 alpine

1. During build time. Simply add user in Dockerfile and use it. For example:

FROM alpine
RUN groupadd -r myuser && useradd -r -g myuser myuser
#    <HERE DO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO AS A ROOT USER LIKE INSTALLING PACKAGES ETC.>
USER myuser

1. Enable user namespace support (--userns-remap=default) in Docker daemon

More information about this topic can be found at Docker official documentation. For additional security, you can also run in rootless mode, which is discussed in Rule #11.

In Kubernetes, this can be configured in Security Context using the runAsUser field with the user ID e.g:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: example
spec:
containers:
- name: example
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
runAsUser: 4000 # <-- This is the pod user ID

As a Kubernetes cluster administrator, you can configure a hardened default using the Restricted level with built-in Pod Security admission controller, if greater customization is desired consider using Admission Webhooks or a third party alternative.

RULE #3 - Limit capabilities (Grant only specific capabilities, needed by a container)¶

Linux kernel capabilities are a set of privileges that can be used by privileged. Docker, by default, runs with only a subset of capabilities. You can change it and drop some capabilities (using --cap-drop) to harden your docker containers, or add some capabilities (using --cap-add) if needed. Remember not to run containers with the --privileged flag - this will add ALL Linux kernel capabilities to the container.

The most secure setup is to drop all capabilities --cap-drop all and then add only required ones. For example:

docker run --cap-drop all --cap-add CHOWN alpine

And remember: Do not run containers with the –privileged flag!!!

In Kubernetes this can be configured in Security Context using capabilities field e.g:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: example
spec:
containers:
- name: example
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
capabilities:
drop:
- ALL
add: ["CHOWN"]

As a Kubernetes cluster administrator, you can configure a hardened default using the Restricted level with built-in Pod Security admission controller, if greater customization is desired consider using Admission Webhooks or a third party alternative.

RULE #4 - Prevent in-container privilege escalation¶

Always run your docker images with --security-opt=no-new-privileges in order to prevent privilege escalation. This will prevent the container from gaining new privileges via setuid or setgid binaries.

In Kubernetes, this can be configured in Security Context using allowPrivilegeEscalation field e.g.:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: example
spec:
containers:
- name: example
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

As a Kubernetes cluster administrator, you can configure a hardened default using the Restricted level with built-in Pod Security admission controller, if greater customization is desired consider using Admission Webhooks or a third party alternative.

RULE #5 - Be mindful of Inter-Container Connectivity¶

Inter-Container Connectivity (icc) is enabled by default, allowing all containers to communicate with each other through the docker0 bridged network. Instead of using the --icc=false flag with the Docker daemon, which completely disables inter-container communication, consider defining specific network configurations. This can be achieved by creating custom Docker networks and specifying which containers should be attached to them. This method provides more granular control over container communication.

For detailed guidance on configuring Docker networks for container communication, refer to the Docker Documentation.

In Kubernetes environments, Network Policies can be used to define rules that regulate pod interactions within the cluster. These policies provide a robust framework to control how pods communicate with each other and with other network endpoints. Additionally, Network Policy Editor simplifies the creation and management of network policies, making it more accessible to define complex networking rules through a user-friendly interface.

RULE #6 - Use Linux Security Module (seccomp, AppArmor, or SELinux) for Runtime Security¶

First of all, do not disable default security profile! Always start with Docker’s or your host’s default profile as a baseline.

Security Profile Recommendations:

Seccomp: Restrict syscalls to the minimum required for your container. Use Docker’s default seccomp profile as a starting point and customize per workload. Docker Seccomp

AppArmor: Apply per-container AppArmor profiles to enforce mandatory access controls. Docker AppArmor

SELinux: Enable SELinux on the host and ensure containers are labeled properly. Enforce SELinux policies to prevent unauthorized access to host resources. SELinux Guide for Docker

Runtime Security Improvements:

Behavioral Monitoring: Use tools like Falco, Tetragon, or Cilium eBPF to detect unexpected or malicious container activity. Examples: Unexpected exec calls, privilege escalation attempts, unusual network connections.

Anomaly Detection: Continuously monitor container processes, filesystem changes, and network activity to identify abnormal patterns in real time.

Kubernetes Security Context: Configure pods or containers with seccomp and AppArmor profiles in Kubernetes. Configure a Security Context for a Pod or Container

RULE #7 - Limit resources (memory, CPU, file descriptors, processes, restarts)¶

The best way to avoid DoS attacks is by limiting resources. You can limit memory, CPU, maximum number of restarts (--restart=on-failure:<number_of_restarts>), maximum number of file descriptors (--ulimit nofile=<number>) and maximum number of processes (--ulimit nproc=<number>).

Check documentation for more details about ulimits

You can also do this for Kubernetes: Assign Memory Resources to Containers and Pods, Assign CPU Resources to Containers and Pods and Assign Extended Resources to a Container

RULE #8 - Set filesystem and volumes to read-only¶

Run containers with a read-only filesystem using --read-only flag. For example:

docker run --read-only alpine sh -c 'echo "whatever" > /tmp'

If an application inside a container has to save something temporarily, combine --read-only flag with --tmpfs like this:

docker run --read-only --tmpfs /tmp alpine sh -c 'echo "whatever" > /tmp/file'

The Docker Compose compose.yml equivalent would be:

version: "3"
services:
alpine:
image: alpine
read_only: true

Equivalent in Kubernetes in Security Context:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: example
spec:
containers:
- name: example
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true

In addition, if the volume is mounted only for reading mount them as a read-only It can be done by appending :ro to the -v like this:

docker run -v volume-name:/path/in/container:ro alpine

Or by using --mount option:

docker run --mount source=volume-name,destination=/path/in/container,readonly alpine

RULE #9 - Integrate container scanning tools into your CI/CD pipeline¶

CI/CD pipelines are a crucial part of the software development lifecycle and should include various security checks such as lint checks, static code analysis, and container scanning.

Many issues can be prevented by following some best practices when writing the Dockerfile. However, adding a security linter as a step in the build pipeline can go a long way in avoiding further headaches. Some issues that are commonly checked are:

• Ensure a USER directive is specified
• Ensure the base image version is pinned
• Ensure the OS packages versions are pinned
• Avoid the use of ADD in favor of COPY
• Avoid curl bashing in RUN directives

References:

• Docker Baselines on DevSec
• Use the Docker command line
• Overview of Docker Compose v2 CLI
• Configuring Logging Drivers
• View logs for a container or service
• Dockerfile Security Best Practices

Container scanning tools are especially important as part of a successful security strategy. They can detect known vulnerabilities, secrets and misconfigurations in container images and provide a report of the findings with recommendations on how to fix them. Some examples of popular container scanning tools are:

• Free

• Clair

• ThreatMapper

• Trivy

• Commercial

• Snyk (open source and free option available)

• Anchore (open source and free option available)

• Docker Scout (open source and free option available)

• JFrog XRay

• Qualys

To detect secrets in images:

• ggshield (open source and free option available)
• SecretScanner (open source)

To detect misconfigurations in Kubernetes:

• kubeaudit
• kubesec.io
• kube-bench

To detect misconfigurations in Docker:

• inspec.io
• dev-sec.io
• Docker Bench for Security

RULE #10 - Keep the Docker daemon logging level at info¶

By default, the Docker daemon is configured to have a base logging level of info. This can be verified by checking the daemon configuration file /etc/docker/daemon.json for thelog-level key. If the key is not present, the default logging level is info. Additionally, if the docker daemon is started with the --log-level option, the value of the log-level key in the configuration file will be overridden. To check if the Docker daemon is running with a different log level, you can use the following command:

ps aux | grep '[d]ockerd.*--log-level' | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++) if ($i ~ /--log-level/) print $i}'

Setting an appropriate log level, configures the Docker daemon to log events that you would want to review later. A base log level of ‘info’ and above would capture all logs except the debug logs. Until and unless required, you should not run docker daemon at the ‘debug’ log level.

Rule #11 - Run Docker in rootless mode¶

Rootless mode ensures that the Docker daemon and containers are running as an unprivileged user, which means that even if an attacker breaks out of the container, they will not have root privileges on the host, which in turn substantially limits the attack surface. This is different to userns-remap mode, where the daemon still operates with root privileges.

Evaluate the specific requirements and security posture of your environment to determine if rootless mode is the best choice for you. For environments where security is a paramount concern and the limitations of rootless mode do not interfere with operational requirements, it is a strongly recommended configuration. Alternatively consider using Podman as an alternative to Docker.

Rootless mode allows running the Docker daemon and containers as a non-root user to mitigate potential vulnerabilities in the daemon and the container runtime. Rootless mode does not require root privileges even during the installation of the Docker daemon, as long as the prerequisites are met.

Read more about rootless mode and its limitations, installation and usage instructions on Docker documentation page.

RULE #12 - Utilize Docker Secrets for Sensitive Data Management¶

Docker Secrets provide a secure way to store and manage sensitive data such as passwords, tokens, and SSH keys. Using Docker Secrets helps in avoiding the exposure of sensitive data in container images or in runtime commands.

docker secret create my_secret /path/to/super-secret-data.txt
docker service create --name web --secret my_secret nginx:latest

Or for Docker Compose:

version: "3.8"
secrets:
my_secret:
file: ./super-secret-data.txt
services:
web:
image: nginx:latest
secrets:
- my_secret

While Docker Secrets generally provide a secure way to manage sensitive data in Docker environments, this approach is not recommended for Kubernetes, where secrets are stored in plaintext by default. In Kubernetes, consider using additional security measures such as etcd encryption, or third-party tools. Refer to the Secrets Management Cheat Sheet for more information.

RULE #13 - Enhance Supply Chain Security¶

Building on the principles in Rule #9, enhancing supply chain security involves implementing additional measures to secure the entire lifecycle of container images from creation to deployment. Some of the key practices include:

• Image Provenance: Document the origin and history of container images to ensure traceability and integrity.
• SBOM Generation: Create a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) for each image, detailing all components, libraries, and dependencies for transparency and vulnerability management.
• Image Signing: Digitally sign images to verify their integrity and authenticity, establishing trust in their security.
• Trusted Registry: Store the documented, signed images with their SBOMs in a secure registry that enforces strict access controls and supports metadata management.
• Secure Deployment: Implement secure deployment polices, such as image validation, runtime security, and continuous monitoring, to ensure the security of the deployed images.

Podman as an alternative to Docker¶

Podman is an OCI-compliant, open-source container management tool developed by Red Hat that provides a Docker-compatible command-line interface and a desktop application for managing containers. It is designed to be a more secure and lightweight alternative to Docker, especially for environments where secure defaults are preferred. Some of the security benefits of Podman include:

1. Daemonless Architecture: Unlike Docker, which requires a central daemon (dockerd) to create, run, and manage containers, Podman directly employs the fork-exec model. When a user requests to start a container, Podman forks from the current process, then the child process execs into the container’s runtime.
2. Rootless Containers: The fork-exec model facilitates Podman’s ability to run containers without requiring root privileges. When a non-root user initiates a container start, Podman forks and execs under the user’s permissions.
3. SELinux Integration: Podman is built to work with SELinux, which provides an additional layer of security by enforcing mandatory access controls on containers and their interactions with the host system.

References and Further Reading¶

OWASP Docker Top 10 Docker Security Best Practices Docker Engine Security Kubernetes Security Cheat Sheet SLSA - Supply Chain Levels for Software Artifacts Sigstore Docker Build Attestation Docker Content Trust