Kobe University ecologist Sugiura Shinji discovered that the pupae of the buff-leaf hawkmoth produce sounds by forcing air through holes in their abdomens, the first evidence of such a mechanism. Credit: Shinji Sugiura

Insect pupae hiss like snakes for defense. A Kobe University team now reveals the mechanisms, opening the door to further studies involving predator reactions to defensive sounds.

Just as you would shout or make noise to drive off a perceived threat, some insects have been known to produce defensive sounds. Some moths, for example, have been observed producing sounds to ward off predators at multiple developmental stages; pupal sound production has so far been attributed mainly to physical friction between body parts.

"We became interested in this topic when we noticed that the larvae and pupae of a hawkmoth species produced surprisingly loud sounds when stimulated," says Kobe University ecologist Sugiura Shinji.

 produce sound by expelling air through a pair of their respiratory openings (the large slit-shaped opening visible above the “horn” at the rear of the animal where it is attached to the branch). Other respiratory openings are only used for respiration. Credit: Journal of Experimental Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251346“) Mature larvae of the buff-leaf hawkmoth (Phyllosphingia dissimilis) produce sound by expelling air through a pair of their respiratory openings (the large slit-shaped opening visible above the "horn" at the rear of the animal where it is attached to the branch). Other respiratory openings are only used for respiration. Credit: Journal of Experimental Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251346

How hawkmoth pupae create hissing sounds

In order to explore how this works, Sugiura and his team examined how larvae and pupae of the buff-leaf hawkmoth (Phyllosphingia dissimilis) respond to being touched by forceps simulating an attack, like a bird peck or predator bite. The team recorded both body movement and sound production responses for each larva and pupa and also studied how the animals’ internal organs were involved in the sound production.

In the Journal of Experimental Biology, the team now reports that the majority of mature larvae and half of the pupae used in testing reacted to being touched, with both producing sounds and rapidly moving their bodies. Underwater testing then revealed that these sounds were being released through the animals’ respiratory openings, which were visible as air bubbles.

Sugiura explains, "Until now, pupal sound production was thought to occur only through physical friction between body parts or against the substrate. This is the first evidence demonstrating a sound production mechanism in pupae that is driven by forced air."

Pupae of the buff-leaf hawkmoth (Phyllosphingia dissimilis) produce sound by expelling air through six pairs of their respiratory openings (the six oval openings visible along the bottom side of the animal). Other respiratory openings are only used for respiration. Credit: Journal of Experimental Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251346

But why would these insects use forced air to make these sounds in the first place? Sugiura goes on to provide a scaly suggestion: "Both the larvae and pupae of this species produce similar acoustic patterns. Their hissing air sounds resemble the warning sounds made by snakes. Because hawkmoth larvae and pupae are likely preyed upon by birds and small mammals—animals that may themselves be attacked by snakes—we hypothesize that this hawkmoth species acoustically mimics snake warning signals to protect itself."

Further research could open the door to investigating whether similar mechanisms occur in other taxa and examining the behavior of potential predators when exposed to these defensive sounds.

More information: Sound production by hawkmoth larvae and pupae through abdominal spiracles, Journal of Experimental Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251346

Citation: A sound defense: Noisy pupae puff away potential predators (2025, December 7) retrieved 7 December 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2025-12-defense-noisy-pupae-puff-potential.html

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