Introduction

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system. It is commonly deployed as part of the LAMP stack (which stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) and, as of this writing, is the most popular open-source database in the world.

This guide outlines how to create a new MySQL user and grant them the permissions needed to perform a variety of actions.

Prerequisites

In order to follow along with this guide, you’ll need access to a MySQL database. This guide assumes that this database is installed on a virtual private server running Ubuntu 20.04, though the principles it outlines should be applicable regardless of how you access your database.

If you don’t have access to a MySQL database and would like to set one up yourself, you can follow one of our guides on How To Install MySQL. Again, regardless of your server’s underlying operating system, the methods for creating a new MySQL user and granting them permissions will generally be the same.

You could alternatively spin up a MySQL database managed by a cloud provider. For details on how to spin up a DigitalOcean Managed Database, see our product documentation.

Please note that any portions of example commands that you need to change or customize will be highlighted like this throughout this guide.

Creating a New User

Upon installation, MySQL creates a root user account which you can use to manage your database. This user has full privileges over the MySQL server, meaning it has complete control over every database, table, user, and so on. Because of this, it’s best to avoid using this account outside of administrative functions. This step outlines how to use the root MySQL user to create a new user account and grant it privileges.

In Ubuntu systems running MySQL 5.7 (and later versions), the root MySQL user is set to authenticate using the auth_socket plugin by default rather than with a password. This plugin requires that the name of the operating system user that invokes the MySQL client matches the name of the MySQL user specified in the command. This means that you need to precede the mysql command with sudo to invoke it with the privileges of the root Ubuntu user in order to gain access to the root MySQL user:

sudo mysql

Note: If your root MySQL user is configured to authenticate with a password, you will need to use a different command to access the MySQL shell. The following will run your MySQL client with regular user privileges, and you will only gain administrator privileges within the database by authenticating with the correct password:

mysql -u root -p

Once you have access to the MySQL prompt, you can create a new user with a CREATE USER statement. These follow this general syntax:

CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED WITH authentication_plugin BY 'password';

After CREATE USER, you specify a username. This is immediately followed by an @ sign and then the hostname from which this user will connect. If you only plan to access this user locally from your Ubuntu server, you can specify localhost. Wrapping both the username and host in single quotes isn’t always necessary, but doing so can help to prevent errors.

You have several options when it comes to choosing your user’s authentication plugin. The auth_socket plugin mentioned previously can be convenient, as it provides strong security without requiring valid users to enter a password to access the database. But it also prevents remote connections, which can complicate things when external programs need to interact with MySQL.

As an alternative, you can leave out the WITH authentication_plugin portion of the syntax entirely to have the user authenticate with MySQL’s default plugin, caching_sha2_password. The MySQL documentation recommends this plugin for users who want to log in with a password due to its strong security features.

Run the following command to create a user that authenticates with caching_sha2_password. Be sure to change sammy to your preferred username and password to a strong password of your choosing:

CREATE USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

Note: There is a known issue with some versions of PHP that causes problems with caching_sha2_password. If you plan to use this database with a PHP application — phpMyAdmin, for example — you may want to create a user that will authenticate with the older, though still secure, mysql_native_password plugin instead:

CREATE USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'password';

If you aren’t sure, you can always create a user that authenticates with caching_sha2_plugin and then ALTER it later on with this command:

ALTER USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'password';

After creating your new user, you can grant them the appropriate privileges.

Granting a User Permissions

The general syntax for granting user privileges is as follows:

GRANT PRIVILEGE ON database.table TO 'username'@'host';

The PRIVILEGE value in this example syntax defines what actions the user is allowed to perform on the specified database and table. You can grant multiple privileges to the same user in one command by separating each with a comma. You can also grant a user privileges globally by entering asterisks (*) in place of the database and table names. In SQL, asterisks are special characters used to represent “all” databases or tables.

To illustrate, the following command grants a user global privileges to CREATE, ALTER, and DROP databases, tables, and users, as well as the power to INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE data from any table on the server. It also grants the user the ability to query data with SELECT, create foreign keys with the REFERENCES keyword, and perform FLUSH operations with the RELOAD privilege. However, you should only grant users the permissions they need, so feel free to adjust your own user’s privileges as necessary.

You can find the full list of available privileges in the official MySQL documentation.

Run this GRANT statement, replacing sammy with your own MySQL user’s name, to grant these privileges to your user:

GRANT CREATE, ALTER, DROP, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, REFERENCES, RELOAD on *.* TO 'sammy'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

Note that this statement also includes WITH GRANT OPTION. This will allow your MySQL user to grant any permissions that it has to other users on the system.

Warning: Some users may want to grant their MySQL user the ALL PRIVILEGES privilege, which will provide them with broad superuser privileges akin to the root user’s privileges, like so:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'sammy'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

Such broad privileges should not be granted lightly, as anyone with access to this MySQL user will have complete control over every database on the server.

Many guides suggest running the FLUSH PRIVILEGES command immediately after a CREATE USER or GRANT statement in order to reload the grant tables to ensure that the new privileges are put into effect:

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

However, according to the official MySQL documentation, when you modify the grant tables indirectly with an account management statement like GRANT, the database will reload the grant tables immediately into memory, meaning that the FLUSH PRIVILEGES command isn’t necessary in our case. On the other hand, running it won’t have any negative effect on the system.

If you need to revoke a permission, the structure is almost identical to granting it:

REVOKE type_of_permission ON database_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

Note that when revoking permissions, the syntax requires that you use FROM, instead of TO which you used when granting the permissions.

You can review a user’s current permissions by running the SHOW GRANTS command:

SHOW GRANTS FOR 'username'@'host';

Just as you can delete databases with DROP, you can use DROP to delete a user:

DROP USER 'username'@'localhost';

After creating your MySQL user and granting them privileges, you can exit the MySQL client:

exit

In the future, to log in as your new MySQL user, you’d use a command like the following:

mysql -u sammy -p

The -p flag will cause the MySQL client to prompt you for your MySQL user’s password in order to authenticate.

Removing a MySQL User

To remove a MySQL user, you can use the DROP USER command. The syntax for this command is as follows:

DROP USER 'username'@'host';

Replace username with the actual username you want to remove, and host with the hostname or IP address from which the user can connect. For example, to remove a user named ‘sammy’ who can connect from ‘localhost’, you would use:

DROP USER 'sammy'@'localhost';

After executing this command, the specified user will be removed from the MySQL server. Note that this action is irreversible, so make sure to use it with caution and only when you are certain you want to remove the user.

It’s also important to note that you cannot remove a user who is currently connected to the MySQL server. If you try to do so, you will receive an error message indicating that the user is still connected. You will need to disconnect the user before attempting to remove them.

Common Errors and Debugging

1. Access denied for user error

The Access denied for user error typically occurs when a user attempts to connect to a MySQL database with incorrect credentials or insufficient privileges. This error can be frustrating, but it’s usually easy to resolve by checking and adjusting the user’s credentials and privileges.

To fix this error, follow these steps:

Verify user credentials: Ensure that the username, password, and host are correct. Double-check that the username and password are spelled correctly and that the host is set to the correct value (e.g., ‘localhost’, ‘%’, or a specific IP address).

Check privileges: Ensure that the user has been granted the necessary privileges to access the database. You can do this by running the SHOW GRANTS command to review the user’s current permissions:

SHOW GRANTS FOR 'username'@'localhost';

This will display the current privileges granted to the user. If the user lacks the necessary privileges, you can grant them using the GRANT command.

• Specific database or table access: If the user is trying to access a specific database or table, ensure that the user has been granted privileges on that specific database or table. For example, to grant privileges on a specific database:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON database_name.* TO 'username'@'localhost';

Or, to grant privileges on a specific table:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON database_name.table_name TO 'username'@'localhost';

By following these steps, you should be able to resolve the Access denied for user error and ensure that the user has the necessary access to the MySQL database.

2. User not being able to connect remotely

To enable remote connections for a user, ensure that the user account is configured to allow connections from the specific host or IP address. This can be done by granting privileges to the user with the correct hostname or IP address. For example:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username'@'%';

This grants all privileges to the user ‘username’ from any host (%).

3. Error 1396: Operation CREATE USER failed

Error 1396 typically occurs when trying to create a user that already exists. To fix this error, ensure that the user does not already exist in the MySQL database. If the user does exist, you can try to modify the existing user account instead of creating a new one. If you want to create a new user with the same name, you can first drop the existing user and then create the new one.

For example, if you’re trying to create a user named ‘newuser’ but you’re encountering Error 1396, you can first check if the user already exists using the following command:

SELECT * FROM mysql.user WHERE User = 'newuser';

If the user exists, you can drop the existing user account using the following command:

DROP USER 'newuser'@'%';

After dropping the existing user, you can then create the new user account using the following command:

CREATE USER 'newuser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

FAQs

1. How do I create a MySQL user with limited privileges?

To create a MySQL user with limited privileges, you need to specify the specific privileges you want to grant to the user when creating the user account. For example, if you want to grant a user only SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE privileges on a specific database, you would use the following command:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON database_name.* TO 'username'@'localhost';

This approach ensures that the user can only perform the specified actions on the specified database, limiting their privileges.

2. How do I check MySQL user permissions?

To check MySQL user permissions, you can use the SHOW GRANTS command. This command displays the privileges granted to a user. The syntax is as follows:

SHOW GRANTS FOR 'username'@'localhost';

This command will display all the privileges granted to the specified user.

3. What is the difference between GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES and specific privileges?

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES grants a user all available privileges on a database or table, whereas specific privileges limit the user’s access to only the specified actions. Granting all privileges can be a security risk, as it gives the user complete control over the database or table. On the other hand, granting specific privileges ensures that the user can only perform the actions necessary for their role, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or changes.

4. How do I allow remote access to a MySQL user?

To allow remote access to a MySQL user, you need to grant privileges to the user with the hostname set to %, which represents any host. For example:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username'@'%';

This grants all privileges to the user from any host, allowing remote access.

5. How do I delete a MySQL user safely?

To delete a MySQL user safely, you should first revoke all privileges granted to the user using the REVOKE command. Then, you can drop the user account using the DROP USER command. The syntax is as follows:

REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* FROM 'username'@'localhost';
DROP USER 'username'@'localhost';

This approach ensures that the user account is removed safely, without leaving any lingering privileges that could be exploited.

Conclusion

By following this tutorial, you’ve learned how to add new users and grant them a variety of permissions in a MySQL database. From here, you could continue to explore and experiment with different permissions settings for your MySQL user, or you may want to learn more about some higher-level MySQL configurations.

For more information about the basics of MySQL, you can check out the following tutorials:

• How To Modify User Privileges in MySQL.
• Introduction to Queries in MySQL.
• Understanding Relational Databases.

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