Canada-born US architect Frank Gehry, whose daring and whimsical designs from the Guggenheim Bilbao to the Fondation Louis Vuitton in Paris captivated fans and critics, died on Friday at the age of 96.

Issued on: 06/12/2025 - 10:59

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Gehry’s representative Meaghan Lloyd told French news agency AFP that he died early Friday at his home in Santa Monica following a brief respiratory illness.

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney hailed Gehry’s "unmistakable vision."

Gehry was perhaps the biggest of the so-called "starchitects" – an elite group that includes Renzo Piano, Rem Koolhaas, Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid and others – and enjoyed his fame, but absolutely hated the label.

"There are people who design buildings that are not technically and financially good, and there are those who do," he told The Independent in 2009. "Two categories, simple."

His artistic genius and boldness shone through in his complex designs – such as the glass "sails" of the Fondation Louis Vuitton in Paris.

He popularised contemporary architecture, and became such a sensation that he was featured on The Simpsons – all while insisting he was a simple maker of buildings.

"I work with clients who respect the art of architecture," he said in 2014, according to his biographer Paul Goldberger.

Many of his buildings – irregularly-shaped metal facades that can look like crumpled paper – could only be realised with the help of computer design tools, which he fully embraced.

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Pushing the limits

For a period, architects avoided the use of rounded or curved shapes as they caused headaches for engineers and led to spiralling construction costs.

Gehry pushed back, using 3D modelling software similar to that used by aerospace firms to create unique building shapes while keeping costs in line with what developers would pay for a more conventional building of similar dimensions.

The Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas – its walls and windows appearing to have melted under the hot desert sun – is a classic example of Gehry’s groundbreaking vision.

"I love working. I love working things out," he told The Guardian in 2019.

A general view of Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Bilbao Museum, next to French artist Daniel Buren’s work "Arku Gorriak" (Red Arches) on La Salve bridge over the Nervion river in the Spanish Basque city of Bilbao, 19 April 2023. © ANDER GILLENEA/AFP

Arguably one of his most iconic designs is the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, which earned him international acclaim and notice.

The limestone and glass building with curvy walls clad in titanium scales is instantly recognisable as a Gehry design, and was once described by his American colleague Philip Johnson as "the greatest building of our time."

The building helped revitalise the ancient industrial heart of the Spanish city, attracting visitors from around the world and leading to the coining of the term "Bilbao effect" to explain how beautiful architecture can transform an area.

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"We will be forever grateful, and his spirit and legacy will always remain connected to Bilbao," the museum said on social media.

Emboldened, Gehry would take even greater risks in his next projects, which included the Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003), the Beekman Tower in New York (2011), and the Fondation Louis Vuitton (2014).

LVMH chairman and CEO Bernard Arnault said he was "profoundly saddened" by Gehry’s death, calling him a "genius of lightness, transparency and grace."

The Fondation Louis Vuitton modern art museum designed by architect Frank Gehry in the Bois de Boulogne, western Paris, 17 October, 2014. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier

Audacious, avant-garde

Born Frank Owen Goldberg in Toronto on February 28, 1929, to a Jewish family that would move to the United States in the late 1940s, he later changed his name to Gehry to avoid becoming the target of antisemitism.

He studied architecture at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, graduating in 1954 before enlisting in the US Army and later continuing his studies in city planning at Harvard University, though he did not finish the program.

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Gehry eventually returned to Los Angeles to start his career working for Victor Gruen, a pioneer in the design of shopping malls.

He went on to work in Paris with Andrew Remondet in 1961 before returning to Los Angeles, establishing his own architectural practice the following year.

The Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health that was designed by world-renowned architect Frank Gehry in North Las Vegas on 12 October, 2010. © MARK RALSTON / AFP

The ’70s and ’80s would mark the rollout of a long series of his most audacious and innovative architectural achievements, many of them in southern California.

Close to the avant-garde "funk" art scene in California, Gehry’s deconstructionist and experimental style – sometimes derided as crude – is hard to categorise.

His fondness for pushing the limits is maybe best reflected in his seminal reworking in 1978 of his own home in Santa Monica, where he long resided – it features corrugated metal wrapped around the original 1920s building.

Gehry received the highest architectural honor, the Pritzker Prize, in 1989.

(with AFP)