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Highlights

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Hacking dominates Tor darkmarket with 57,233 services, Russian prevalent.

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Finance-crypto: 17,900 services linked by 4 IDs, highly centralized.

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Email (43,298) and Telegram (11,218) are key communication channels.

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Network analysis reveals vulnerabilities in high-degree nodes for disruption.

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Portuguese Q&A forums (781 services) highlight non-English activity.

Abstract

The Tor darkmarket ecosystem, a hidden segment of the internet hosting a range of illicit activities, remains a critical challenge for cybersecurity and law enforcement. This study employs network analysis to explore the structure, connectivity, and vulnerabilities of Tor hidden services, focusing on the interplay of topics, communication channels, and languages. Using a bipartite network framework, we analyzed 82,285 onion services and 57,071 identification forms (IDs) collected over a 20-week period. Our findings reveal hacking as the dominant topic (57,233 services), followed by finance-crypto (17,900 services), with email (43,298 IDs) and Telegram (11,218 IDs) serving as primary communication channels. Linguistically, Russian prevails in hacking (50,852 services), while English dominates other topics (29,762 services), with Portuguese activity notable in Q&A forums (781 services). Network metrics and visualizations highlight structural contrasts: hacking’s expansive, collaborative structure (high diameter, long average path length) contrasts with finance-crypto’s compact, centralized network (high density, low path length), reliant on just four IDs to link its services. High-degree nodes underscore vulnerabilities to targeted disruptions. The overall network’s fragmentation (1848 components) alongside a large dominant component (76.72 %) suggests both resilience and exploitable interconnectedness. These insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the Tor darkmarket’s organization, identifying key leverage points for intervention. By bridging gaps in topical, linguistic, and structural analyses, this study offers actionable strategies for law enforcement to investigate and mitigate illicit activities on the Dark Web, demonstrating the power of network science in addressing cybercrime.

Keywords

Tor

Darkmarket

Network analysis

Hidden service

Communication channel

Identification form

Hacking

Finance-crypto

Network structure

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.