For decades, the media stereotyped autistic people as laughable or lost, while autism researchers described us as "less domesticated" than neurotypical people and compared us to apes and robots incapable of cultural learning. In 2022, a comprehensive survey found that 60 percent of autism researchers still useddehumanizing language in their work: Mechanical. Morally deficient. Incapable of empathy.

Meanwhile, the actual data tells a radically different story. When assumptions are tested, nearly every core stereotype about autistic people is wrong.

"Autistic People Lack Empathy" Myth: Debunked

The claim: Autistic people lack empathy and caring toward others.

The research problem: A 2025 meta-analysis of 226 studies involving more than 57,000 participants revealed that decades of "empathy deficit" research suffered from severe methodological flaws. The most commonly used empathy measure—the Empathy Quotient—was found to be bias-prone with insufficient psychometric quality, mixing items measuring actual empathy with items tapping social skills and communication style. The meta-analysis found that when considering only high-quality studies, the small difference in affective empathy (emotional response to others) became statistically nonsignificant.

For decades, researchers had been measuring the wrong thing. Conflating communication style differences with empathy deficits produced dramatically inflated effect sizes and an illusion of empathy impairment.

The behavioral evidence of caring: When researchers moved beyond flawed questionnaires to test actual empathic behavior, the results contradicted the deficit narrative. For example, some studies measured generosity toward loved ones and strangers—a behavioral test of empathy. Autistic adults gave to their loved ones as generously as allistic (non-autistic) adults, and were significantly more generous with strangers. This finding was replicated across the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Instead of empathy deficit, autistic people demonstrate a broader moral concern, extending fairness beyond their tribes. Where researchers had assumed impairment, they found autistic people applying moral principles more consistently—even to strangers, even when costly.** **In a world increasingly damaged by in-group bias, this isn’t a deficit; it’s a collective-level fail-safe feature.

"Autistic People Lack Creativity" Myth: Wrong

The claim: Autistic people lack imagination and creative thinking.

The evidence: Autistic creativity shows in every field, from technical to artistic. For example, in a study of metaphor use, autistic adults matched allistic adults on metaphor recognition and produced more creative novel metaphors, demonstrating verbal creativity. In another study, autistic children and teenagers also produced a greater number of creative metaphors than allistic participants. When researchers measured creative output with a standard creativity test, autistic people produced somewhat fewer ideas, but these ideas were significantly more original.

The evidence extends beyond laboratory studies into literary history. Research analyzing Hans Christian Andersen’s life and work points to autistic traits and themes throughout his fairy tales. "Ugly Duckling," "The Emperor’s New Clothes," "Princess and the Pea," and “Little Mermaid” are not simple children’s stories, but deep explorations of social rejection, truth-seeing and truth-telling, sensory sensitivity, being misunderstood, and other facets of autistic life experience. These are also some of the most enduring and popular cultural metaphors.

"Autistic People Lack Moral Sensitivity" Myth: Shattered

The claim: Autistic people lack moral understanding and conscience.

The evidence: When researchers tested ethical decision-making, autistic people were less likely to take immoral actions for personal gain. They maintained ethical principles even when it cost them financially, regardless of whether they were acting in public or privately.

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To the shock of the autistic community, researchers interpreted autistic moral consistency as "undue concern" about ethics. Because of the enduring assumption “autism=bad,” they pathologized conscience and treated principled behavior as a symptom rather than a strength. I provide an extended discussion of this in chapter 1 of my book, The Canary Code: A Guide to Neurodiversity, Dignity, and Intersectional Belonging at Work.

Despite the cultural tendency to frame differences between autistic and allistic people as deficits, research shows that autistic people report being more morally engaged in workplace contexts and less likely to ignore ethical violations. What some call a deficiency looks a lot like moral clarity.

"Autistic People Lack Joy" Myth: Scratch That

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The claim: Autistic lives are inherently sad, joyless, and in need of fixing.

The evidence: When researchers asked autistic people about their own experiences, they found that 94 percent actively enjoy aspects of being autistic. Two-thirds reported often experiencing joy. Critically, 80 percent believed they experience joy differently than neurotypical people—not less.

The sources of autistic joy directly connect to supposedly "disordered" traits:

• Ninety-five percent report complete absorption in activities they love—the flow states that bring profound satisfaction.
• Ninety-three percent rate passionate interests as central to their happiness and energy.
• Almost 90 percent find joy in learning new things and diving deep into topics.
• Sensory experiences bring intense pleasure: colors, textures, movement, music felt with the whole body.
• Consistency and repetition provide deep satisfaction, not boredom.

One participant described playing piano: "I can get into the zone and time and even thoughts fade away... it feels wonderful."

The research documented extraordinary diversity in what brings autistic people joy—nature, animals, creative work, organizing systems, research, solitude, relationships. This challenges both the stereotype of “narrow interest in trains” and the “sad and joyless lives” stereotype.

What Actually Limits Autistic Flourishing

Recent research also identified barriers to autistic well-being, both in adults and in adolescents. Research participants reported that barriers are not autistic traits, but environmental factors. Bullying. Lack of understanding. Sensory hostile environments with harsh lighting and noise. Forced masking that creates exhaustion and pain.** **Social rejection for being authentically autistic. Prejudice.

The Prejudice Pattern Behind the Errors

Prejudice is also the reason decades of research got autism so wrong.

Researchers measured autistic people against neurotypical expectations and called every difference a deficit. They tested empathy by measuring in-group preference and missed commitment to universal fairness. They measured creativity by counting the number of ideas and missed originality. They saw moral consistency and called it rigidity. They saw deep engagement and called it rigidity. They saw sensory richness and called it disorder.

Most critically, they failed to ask autistic people about their inner experiences. They studied autism without genuinely listening to the autistic perspective. For decades, science examined autistic people through a lens of pathology and deficit, rather than dignity, comparing us to animals while missing our humanity. But autistic people don’t lack humanity. Research lacked the humanity to see it.