A Practical Introduction to Regression-based Causal Inference in Meteorology (II): Unmeasured confounders (opens in new tab)

One obstacle to ``elevating'' correlation to causation is the phenomenon of confounding, i.e., when a correlation between two variables exists because both variables are in fact caused by a third variable, called a confounder. The situation where the confounders are measured is examined in an earlier, accompanying article. Here, it is shown that even when the confounding variables are not measured, under certain conditions it is still possib...