Partial Identification under Missing Data Using Weak Shadow Variables from Pretrained Models (opens in new tab)

arXiv:2602.16061v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Estimating population quantities such as mean outcomes from user feedback is fundamental to platform evaluation and social science, yet feedback is often missing not at random (MNAR): users with stronger opinions are more likely to respond, so standard estimators are biased and the estimand is not identified without additional assumptions. Existing approaches typically rely on strong parametric assumptions or bespoke auxiliary variables that ma...