Competing interlayer charge order and quantum monopole reorganisation in bilayer kagome spin ice via quantum annealing (opens in new tab)

Magnetic monopoles in frustrated magnets are paradigmatic fractionalised quasiparticles, yet no experimental platform simultaneously tunes their confinement and preserves ice-rule physics. Here we exploit the native bilayer architecture of a D-Wave Advantage2 quantum annealer to realise the first programmable two-plane kagome spin ice, spanning $1{,}536$ logical spins across a $4\times13\times14$ grid of system size, interlayer coupling, and ...