Phase lag enhances synchronization in coupled oscillators with inertia (opens in new tab)

The second-order Kuramoto model with inertia exhibits different dynamical behaviors than the first-order KM without inertia. A central difference is its lower synchronization due to the emergence of multiple synchronized clusters with different frequencies. We aim to investigate how such lowered synchronization can be improved by applying external perturbations to the system in a steady state, for example, a symmetry-breaking phase lag to a subs...