Structure-Preserving Schemes for a Fractional SVIR Epidemic Model with a Hybrid Mittag-Leffler-Caputo-Fabrizio Operator (opens in new tab)

This paper proposes and analyzes a fractional-order SVIR epidemic model based on a hybrid Mittag-Leffler-Caputo-Fabrizio (MLCF) fractional operator with a nonsingular kernel. This model captures short- and long-term memory effects in epidemic transmission dynamics. The positivity and boundedness of the solutions are proven through an integrated formulation of the MLCF operator and a fractional Gronwall inequality. The basic reproduction number $...