Cross-Platform Software Birthmarking for Real-World Binaries via Intermediate Representation (opens in new tab)

Software birthmarking detects plagiarism through characteristic program features, yet cross-platform resilience remains under-evaluated. This paper proposes a unified birthmarking approach for real-world binaries by lifting disparate formats into a common intermediate representation via Ghidra P-code. Experiments across diverse platforms and languages demonstrate exceptional consistency across CPU architectures ($r=0.9846$), independent of ISA (...