SemCEB: A Cardinality Estimation Benchmark for Semantic Operators (opens in new tab)

Modern data systems increasingly expose multi-modal large language models as semantic operators: SQL operators, including filters and joins, whose predicates are defined by a natural-language instruction. Query optimization in these systems still rests on the same foundations as in traditional databases$\unicode{x2013}$plan enumeration and cost models$\unicode{x2013}$yet faces new challenges, e.g., a larger plan space and the lack of efficient c...