Resilient Substation Design for 500 Year Storm Events Current State of the Art and Challenges for Floodplain Management and Infrastructure Hardening (opens in new tab)

Electrical substations are increasingly exposed to non-stationary flood hazards and extreme 500-year storm events intensified by climate change. Approximately 15 to 20 percent of U.S. transmission and distribution assets, representing about 12,000 to 16,000 facilities, are located within FEMA 100-year floodplains, with an additional 8,000 situated in 500-year zones. These vulnerabilities have led to catastrophic outages, as demonstrated by Hurri...