Deciphering the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge to estuary hypoxia (opens in new tab)

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is increasingly recognized as an important pathway supplying nutrients, carbon, and metal elements to coastal oceans, yet its role in driving coastal hypoxia remains poorly constrained. Here, we quantified the SGD fluxes across estuarine zones and evaluated the contribution of SGD to oxygen depletion in the Upper Gulf of Thailand using a 222Rn mass balance model and geochemical observations. Our result showed that SGD exhibited strong spatial variability,...