The Problem of Independent Trade Unions in Iraq and the Prospects for Mass Action (opens in new tab)

This paper aims to reconstruct Marx’s concept of labor power within a historical-materialist framework adapted to the digital age. Its core task is to distinguish between two forms of labor power that belong to different historical strata. The first is the traditional labor power defined by Marx in Capital – “the sum of physical and intellectual capacities” that is procedurable, standardisable, quantifiable, reproducible, and capable of being mass-produced through educational systems. The sec...