实践的关系唯物主义【Practice-based Relational Materialism】 (opens in new tab)

In mainstream textbooks and theoretical narratives, “matter determines consciousness” is widely regarded as a classic proposition of Marxist materialism. However, neither Marx nor Engels ever actually formulated this thesis. Through a re-examination of texts such as The German Ideology, this paper argues that this dogmatic formulation deviates from Marx’s original expression—“life determines consciousness”—and reduces materialism back to a pre-Kantian, mechanically substantialist old material...