Reading brachycephalic dogs' facial expressions requires extra cognitive processing by humans (opens in new tab)

People often look to dogs' behavior, especially their facial expressions, for indications of their states of mind. Numerous studies show that this is a popular interpretation strategy. However, modern dog breeds vary greatly in size and structure, and few studies have explored how breed-specific morphology might affect humans' ability to assess visual cues from the faces of different breeds of dogs.