Comorbidity structure as an inductive bias: Comparing output-head designs for multi-label prediction of diabetes and myocardial infarction complications (opens in new tab)

Background: Clinical complications are often predicted with separate sigmoid outputs, even when the target labels arise from related pathophysiological processes. This paper asks whether output-layer choice should reflect both predictive convenience and the biological structure assumed among complications. The central premise is that label-dependence mechanisms are explicit hypotheses about comorbidity, not generic modelling additions. Methods: Output-head assumptions were compared across two...