Ambiguity-Aware Multi-Stage Cell-Type Annotation for Spatial Transcriptomics (opens in new tab)

Spatial transcriptomics enables characterization of cellular organization in intact tissue, but robust cell type annotation remains challenging due to heterogeneous expression profiles, mixed populations, and transitional states. Existing methods often enforce a single label per cluster, obscuring biologically meaningful ambiguity and producing overconfident assignments. We propose an ambiguity-aware, multi-stage framework for spatial cell-type annotation. The method combines hybrid spatial f...