New integrated three-interface conceptual model for clearance and immune surveillance in the human CNS (opens in new tab)

The central nervous system (CNS) lacks a classical lymphatic system and instead relies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation for metabolic waste removal and for defense/immune surveillance. Recent research has consolidated the concept of an integrated glymphatic–lymphatic continuum (because of the relevant contribution of glial cells), where CSF acts as a central transport medium linking parenchymal exchange with meningeal lymphatic outflow. Within this framework, the glymphatic system sup...