Genetic architecture of craniofacial morphogenesis: roles of PAX3, PAX7, and PAX9 (opens in new tab)

Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly coordinated developmental process governed by complex genetic and molecular interactions. Among these, the PAX family of transcription factors plays a pivotal role in the regulation of neural crest specification, mesenchymal differentiation, and skeletal patterning. This review highlights the distinct and overlapping roles of PAX3, PAX7, and PAX9 in craniofacial development, focusing on their gene regulatory networks, developmental mechanisms, and clinic...