Extracellular vesicle-mediated cell–cell communication in keloids and hypertrophic scars: mechanisms, methodological caveats, and therapeutic perspectives (opens in new tab)

Pathological scarring, including keloids and hypertrophic scars, remains a major clinical challenge characterized by persistent fibroblast activation, excessive extracellular matrix deposition, chronic inflammation, and aberrant tissue remodeling. Although current treatments have improved management, high recurrence rates and variable outcomes indicate that the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a...