Artificial intelligence in refractive surgery: progress, challenges, and future directions (opens in new tab)

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has catalyzed significant advancements in ophthalmology. As refractive surgery necessitates increasing levels of precision and personalization, AI offers pivotal solutions for optimizing clinical outcomes. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in applying machine learning and deep learning models to corneal refractive surgery and implantable collamer lens (ICL) procedures. Specifically, we examine AI’s utility in preoperative...