Microneedle-guided monitoring and therapy in chronic limb-threatening ischemia (opens in new tab)

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease, with high risks of infection, tissue loss, amputation, and mortality. Continuous or high-frequency monitoring could improve early detection of deterioration between clinic visits, yet current perfusion tests are limited by variability and episodic use. This mini review focuses on microneedle-enabled access to interstitial fluid for trend-based monitoring and local therapy in CLTI. Evidence i...