E3 ubiquitin ligases in bone homeostasis: from regulatory mechanisms to skeletal diseases and therapeutic targeting (opens in new tab)

E3 ubiquitin ligases are key determinants of substrate specificity within the ubiquitin–proteasome system and have emerged as important regulators of skeletal biology. Although traditionally classified into RING-, HECT-, and RBR-type families based on structural features, their roles in bone homeostasis are more clearly understood when examined in the context of specific skeletal regulatory processes. In this review, we briefly outline major E3 ligase families and the updated human E3 ligase ...