Monocytes and neutrophils promote cardiac fibroblast pro-fibrotic phenotypes through IL-6 and MIF (opens in new tab)

Cardiac fibrosis, characterized by activation of cardiac fibroblasts and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), is associated with most cardiac pathological conditions, leading to adverse cardiac remodeling and accelerating progression of heart failure. Immune cell recruitment is a hallmark of early fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms linking early inflammation, fibroblast activation and perpetuation of cardiac fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, cell-derived matrices (CDM) ...