Tumor-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate shapes angiogenesis in the acidic microenvironment of osteosarcoma via paracrine and autocrine signaling (opens in new tab)

IntroductionTumor-associated angiogenesis is a critical driver of tumor progression and is frequently characterized by excessive branching and structural disorganization. These abnormalities arise from dynamic interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment, where metabolic stressors such as hypoxia and extracellular acidosis promote the release of pro-angiogenic factors. Among these, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has emerged as a key bioactive lipid involved in vascular development...