Transplantation immunology: paradigm shift from systemic suppression to microenvironment remodeling and precision modulation (opens in new tab)

Organ transplantation remains the definitive therapy for end-stage organ failure, yet its long-term success is limited by allograft rejection. Conventional immunosuppressive regimens, while effective against acute rejection, are hampered by non-specific mechanisms that lead to serious complications such as infections and malignancies, posing a major barrier to long-term graft survival. Recent advances in high-dimensional technologies—including single-cell sequencing, epigenomics, and metabolo...