Precision immuno-oncology in oral cancer: latest trends in biomarkers, novel drug development and nanoparticle-based therapeutic platforms (opens in new tab)

Oral squamous cell carcinoma poses a significant global health burden, with over 370,000 annual cases and poor 5-year survival rates of 50%–60%, driven by risk factors like tobacco and alcohol. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, functional morbidity and resistance necessitate precision immuno-oncology approaches. This review explores the tumour immune microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma, characterized by immunosuppressive elements like M2 macrophages, my...