Gastrointestinal tolerance to a standardized milk-based hydration strategy is similar across exercise modalities (opens in new tab)

BackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequently reported during endurance exercise, and running is often assumed to provoke greater GI discomfort than cycling due to higher mechanical impact. However, most supporting evidence derives from field studies with limited control of exercise intensity, hydration volume, and beverage composition, making it difficult to isolate the independent effect of exercise modality. This study aimed to compare GI symptom burden and beverage palatability ...