Longitudinal changes of human milk oligosaccharides in Japan and their associations with maternal or infant characteristics (opens in new tab)

IntroductionHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk and contribute to infant gut microbiota development, immune maturation, and neurodevelopment. Their composition varies according to genetic factors, particularly maternal Secretor and Lewis phenotypes, as well as lactation stage. However, comprehensive data on longitudinal HMO profiles and genetic phenotypes in Japanese mothers remain limited. This study aimed to characterize longitudinal ...