Associations Between Serum Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Hippocampal-Prefrontal-Ventricular Volumes, and Clinical Profiles in Schizophrenia: A Biomarker and Neuroimaging Study in North Sumatera, Indonesia (opens in new tab)

IntroductionSchizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with systemic inflammation that is thought to play a role in its pathophysiology. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been reported to be dysregulated in individuals with schizophrenia, but its relationship with brain volume changes remains inconsistent. This study aimed to analyze differences in TNF-α levels and brain volume (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and lateral ventricles) and their correlati...