Effects of probiotic supplementation on subjective and objective sleep outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 39 randomized controlled tria... (opens in new tab)

IntroductionSleep disturbances are common and contribute to substantial functional and health-related burden. Probiotics have been proposed as a potential modulator of sleep via gut–brain axis mechanisms, yet the magnitude, consistency, and clinical significance of their effects remain uncertain. This study synthesized all randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on validated subjective and objective sleep outcomes, using harmonized change-score methodol...