Beyond aesthetic outcomes: psychodermatological benefits of botulinum toxin treatment in the upper facial third. A narrative review (opens in new tab)

BackgroundBotulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is widely used in aesthetic dermatology, particularly for dynamic wrinkles in the upper facial third. Beyond cosmetic effects, BoNT-A may influence emotional processing through the skin-brain axis. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on psychological and psychiatric outcomes of upper facial BoNT-A treatment, with a focus on mechanisms extending beyond aesthetics.MethodsA structured search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science thro...