Reduced serum cortisol, IGF-1, GLP-1, and T3 levels in medication-free children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a case–control study (opens in new tab)

IntroductionObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently emerges during childhood and adolescence and has been associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems. Neuroendocrine pathways involved in stress regulation, neurodevelopment, metabolic signaling, and thyroid function interact closely to influence brain circuits implicated in OCD. However, studies simultaneously examining several neuroendocrine parameters in pediatric OCD remain limited.MethodsThis case–control study i...