Non-invasive electrical stimulation for sleep disturbances in adults: protocol for an evidence−mapping umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta−analyses with subgroup analysis by intervention type and population (opens in new tab)

BackgroundSleep disturbances affect 10%–30% of adults worldwide. Non−invasive electrical stimulation (e.g., transcranial electrical stimulation) has emerged as a promising non−pharmacological intervention. Although numerous systematic reviews and meta−analyses have been published, they vary considerably in methodological quality, populations, intervention types, and conclusions. No umbrella review has yet synthesised the evidence across different modalities and populations. This evidence mapp...