Vertically stacked immobilized photocatalyst devices towards land-efficient solar hydrogen production (opens in new tab)

Thin-film architectures offer a scalable strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen production but are often limited by weak interfacial adhesion, inefficient charge transport, and restricted land-use efficiency. Here, we report a swellable polymer matrix platform that immobilizes conjugated polymer photocatalysts and enables vertical integration into a three-dimensional stacking architecture. Immobilization within a flexible and transparent matrix enhances interfacial adhesion, charge transfer, an...