Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and artificial nanovesicles: a translational framework for cell-free wound repair (opens in new tab)

Chronic nonhealing wounds remain a major clinical challenge, driven by persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, defective extracellular matrix remodeling, and incomplete functional restoration. While stem cell therapies can modulate these processes, their clinical use is limited by low engraftment, variability, and safety concerns. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) and artificial nanovesicles (SC-ANVs) have emerged as cell-free alternatives that aim to capture key parac...