Global inequalities in ownership-based carbon footprints (opens in new tab)

The global distribution of greenhouse gas emissions is shaped not only by where goods are produced or consumed but also by who owns the firms that produce them. Country-level studies have started linking emissions to asset ownership, but global estimates remain unavailable. Here we estimate ownership-based emissions across 197 jurisdictions over 2010–2022, linking emissions to asset owners using data on wealth, portfolios, capital stocks and foreign investment. We find that ownership-based fo...